From shower to table: fate of organic micropollutants in hydroponic systems for greywater treatment and lettuce cultivation

IF 2.3 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Esther Mendoza, Josephine Vosse, Arianna Azzellino, Lúcia H. M. L. M. Santos, Sofia Semitsoglou-Tsiapou, Joaquim Comas, G. Buttiglieri
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Abstract

This study evaluated the dual functionality of hydroponic systems to grow edible crops while treating greywater (GW) containing 20 organic micropollutants (OMPs). Various conditions with differing nutrient contents were tested: raw GW, GW with struvite, and GW with commercial nutrient solution. System performance was assessed with plant growth and standard parameters and OMP removal. After 4-week exposure, all conditions produced healthy-looking plants, proving GW as a viable hydroponic growth medium. However, only the condition with commercial solution yielded plants comparable to the biotic control, indicating the necessity of nutrient supplementation. Effluent from condition with well-developed plants met the requirements of the European water reuse legislation (EU 2020/741) for scenarios B–D (food crops not in direct contact with the reclaimed water and industrial crops), and had the highest OMP removal, showcasing the effectiveness of the system for OMP treatment. Estimated calculations of OMP detected in leaves (10/20 OMP detected, predominantly positive and small) resulted in calculated potential human health risks through lettuce intake for two compounds: atenolol and epoxycarbamazepine. These findings support a continued evaluation of the behavior of other OMPs and their transformation products in water–plant systems, and their consideration in legislations on water reuse and food safety.
从淋浴到餐桌:中水处理和生菜种植水培系统中有机微污染物的去向
本研究评估了水培系统在处理含有 20 种有机微污染物(OMPs)的灰水(GW)时种植食用作物的双重功能。测试了不同营养成分含量的各种条件:原灰水、含硬石膏的灰水和含商业营养液的灰水。系统性能通过植物生长、标准参数和 OMP 清除率进行评估。经过 4 周的曝晒,所有条件下都能培育出外观健康的植物,证明 GW 是一种可行的水培生长介质。然而,只有在使用商业溶液的条件下,植物的产量与生物对照组相当,这表明有必要补充养分。植物生长良好的条件下产生的污水符合欧洲中水回用法规(EU 2020/741)对 B-D 方案(不直接接触再生水的粮食作物和工业作物)的要求,并且对 OMP 的去除率最高,显示了该系统对 OMP 处理的有效性。通过对叶片中检测到的 OMP 进行估算(检测到 10/20 个 OMP,主要为阳性且含量较小),计算出人类通过生菜摄入两种化合物(阿替洛尔和环氧卡马西平)可能面临的健康风险。这些研究结果支持继续评估其他 OMP 及其转化产物在水-植物系统中的行为,并在有关水回用和食品安全的立法中加以考虑。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Blue-Green Systems
Blue-Green Systems Multiple-
CiteScore
8.70
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0.00%
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