{"title":"Neuroinflammation in the Rat Brain After Exposure to Diagnostic Ultrasound","authors":"Assema Lalzad , Flora Wong , Michal Schneider","doi":"10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2024.02.007","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To date there have been no studies exploring the potential for neuroinflammation as an intracranial bio-effect associated with diagnostic ultrasound during neonatal cranial scans in a mammalian <em>in vivo</em> model. The study described here was aimed at investigating the effects of B-mode and Doppler mode ultrasound on inflammation in the rat brain.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Twelve Wistar rats (7–9 wk old) were divided into a control group and an ultrasound-exposed group (n = 6/group). A craniotomy was performed, followed by 10 min of B-mode and spectral Doppler interrogation of the middle cerebral artery. The control group was subjected to sham treatment, with the transducer held stationary over the craniotomy site, but the ultrasound machine switched off. Animals were euthanized 48 h after exposure, and the brains formalin fixed for immunohistochemical analysis using allograft inflammatory factor 1 <strong>(</strong>IBA-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as markers of microglia and astrocytes, respectively. The numbers of IBA-1- and GFAP-immunoreactive cells were manually counted and expressed as areal density (cells/mm<sup>2</sup>). Results were analyzed using Student's unpaired <em>t</em>-test and one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The ultrasound-exposed brain exhibited significant increases in IBA-1 and GFAP immunoreactive cell density in all regions of B-mode and Doppler mode exposure compared with the control group (<em>p</em> < 0.001).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Ten minutes of B-mode and Doppler mode ultrasound may induce neuroinflammatory changes in the rat brain. This suggests that exposure of brain tissue to current diagnostic ultrasound intensities may not be completely without risk.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49399,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","volume":"50 6","pages":"Pages 961-968"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301562924001066","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"ACOUSTICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Objective
To date there have been no studies exploring the potential for neuroinflammation as an intracranial bio-effect associated with diagnostic ultrasound during neonatal cranial scans in a mammalian in vivo model. The study described here was aimed at investigating the effects of B-mode and Doppler mode ultrasound on inflammation in the rat brain.
Methods
Twelve Wistar rats (7–9 wk old) were divided into a control group and an ultrasound-exposed group (n = 6/group). A craniotomy was performed, followed by 10 min of B-mode and spectral Doppler interrogation of the middle cerebral artery. The control group was subjected to sham treatment, with the transducer held stationary over the craniotomy site, but the ultrasound machine switched off. Animals were euthanized 48 h after exposure, and the brains formalin fixed for immunohistochemical analysis using allograft inflammatory factor 1 (IBA-1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as markers of microglia and astrocytes, respectively. The numbers of IBA-1- and GFAP-immunoreactive cells were manually counted and expressed as areal density (cells/mm2). Results were analyzed using Student's unpaired t-test and one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance.
Results
The ultrasound-exposed brain exhibited significant increases in IBA-1 and GFAP immunoreactive cell density in all regions of B-mode and Doppler mode exposure compared with the control group (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Ten minutes of B-mode and Doppler mode ultrasound may induce neuroinflammatory changes in the rat brain. This suggests that exposure of brain tissue to current diagnostic ultrasound intensities may not be completely without risk.
期刊介绍：
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology is the official journal of the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. The journal publishes original contributions that demonstrate a novel application of an existing ultrasound technology in clinical diagnostic, interventional and therapeutic applications, new and improved clinical techniques, the physics, engineering and technology of ultrasound in medicine and biology, and the interactions between ultrasound and biological systems, including bioeffects. Papers that simply utilize standard diagnostic ultrasound as a measuring tool will be considered out of scope. Extended critical reviews of subjects of contemporary interest in the field are also published, in addition to occasional editorial articles, clinical and technical notes, book reviews, letters to the editor and a calendar of forthcoming meetings. It is the aim of the journal fully to meet the information and publication requirements of the clinicians, scientists, engineers and other professionals who constitute the biomedical ultrasonic community.
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