Assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of exposure to potentially toxic elements in tea infusions: Determination by ICP-OES and multivariate statistical data analysis

IF 3.6 3区医学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI:10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127454

Mahmood Ahmed , Muhammad Ahmad , Muhammad Ayyan Khan , Aamir Sohail , Mudassar Sanaullah , Waqar Ahmad , Dure Najaf Iqbal , Khuram Khalid , Tanveer A. Wani , Seema Zargar

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

The perennial evergreen tea (Camellia sinensis) plant is one of the most popular nonalcoholic drinks in the world. Fertilizers and industrial, agricultural, and municipal activities are the usual drivers of soil contamination, contaminating tea plants with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). These elements might potentially accumulate to larger amounts in the leaves of plants after being taken up from the soil. Thus, frequent monitoring of these elements is critically important.

Methods

The present study intended to determine PTEs (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in both tea leaves and infusions using ICP-OES. Various multivariate data analysis methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were employed to elucidate the potential sources of PTEs contamination, whether from anthropogenic activities or natural origins. Additionally, Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) was calculated to assess the relationships between the variables under study.

Results

The mean contents (mg/L) of all studied elements in tea infusions decreased in order Mn (150.59 ± 1.66) > Fe (11.39 ± 0.99) > Zn (6.62 ± 0.89) > Cu (5.86 ± 0.62) > Co (3.25 ± 0.64) > Ni (1.69 ± 0.23) > Pb (1.08 ± 0.16) > Cr (0.57 ± 0.09) > Cd (0.46 ± 0.09) > Al (0.05 ± 0.008), indicating that Mn exhibits the highest abundance. The mean concentration trend in tea leaf samples mirrored that of infusions, albeit with higher concentrations of PTEs in the former. The tolerable dietary intake (TDI) value for Ni and provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) value for Cd surpassed the standards set by the WHO and EFSA. Calculated hazard index (HI < 1) and cumulative cancer risk (CCR) values suggest negligible exposure risk.

Conclusion

Elevated levels of PTEs in commonly consumed tea products concern the public and regulatory agencies.

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评估接触茶叶中潜在有毒元素的致癌和非致癌风险：通过 ICP-OES 和多元统计数据分析进行测定

背景多年生常绿茶树（Camellia sinensis）是世界上最受欢迎的无酒精饮料之一。肥料以及工业、农业和市政活动通常会造成土壤污染，使茶树受到潜在有毒元素（PTEs）的污染。这些元素从土壤中吸收后，有可能在植物叶片中积累到更大的量。本研究旨在使用 ICP-OES 测定茶叶和茶水中的 PTEs（Al、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd 和 Pb）。采用主成分分析（PCA）和层次聚类分析（HCA）等多种多元数据分析方法来阐明 PTEs 污染的潜在来源，无论是人为活动还是自然来源。结果茶叶中所有研究元素的平均含量（毫克/升）依次为：锰（150.59 ± 1.66）、铁（11.39 ± 0.99）、锌（6.62±0.89）；铜（5.86±0.62）；钴（3.25±0.64）；镍（1.69±0.23）；铅（1.08±0.16）；铬（0.57±0.09）；镉（0.46±0.09）；铝（0.05±0.008）。茶叶样品中的平均浓度趋势与浸泡茶叶的趋势相同，只是前者中的 PTEs 浓度更高。镍的膳食耐受摄入量（TDI）值和镉的暂定每月耐受摄入量（PTMI）值超过了世界卫生组织和欧洲食品安全局制定的标准。计算得出的危害指数（HI <1）和累积致癌风险（CCR）值表明，暴露风险可忽略不计。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 医学-内分泌学与代谢

CiteScore

6.60

自引率

2.90%

发文量

202

审稿时长

85 days

期刊介绍： The journal provides the reader with a thorough description of theoretical and applied aspects of trace elements in medicine and biology and is devoted to the advancement of scientific knowledge about trace elements and trace element species. Trace elements play essential roles in the maintenance of physiological processes. During the last decades there has been a great deal of scientific investigation about the function and binding of trace elements. The Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology focuses on the description and dissemination of scientific results concerning the role of trace elements with respect to their mode of action in health and disease and nutritional importance. Progress in the knowledge of the biological role of trace elements depends, however, on advances in trace elements chemistry. Thus the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology will include only those papers that base their results on proven analytical methods. Also, we only publish those articles in which the quality assurance regarding the execution of experiments and achievement of results is guaranteed.