Do astigmatid teeth matter: a tribological review of cheliceral chelae in co-occuring mites from UK beehives

IF 1.8 2区 农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY
Clive E. Bowman
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The dentition of the chelal moveable digit in cohabiting astigmatids from UK beehives (i.e., Carpoglyphus lactis (Linnaeus), Glycyphagus domesticus (DeGeer), and Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank)) is characterised for the first time using quantitative tribological measures within a 2D mechanical model. The trophic function of astigmatid chelae are reviewed in terms of macroscopic tools used by humans including hooking devices, pliers, shears, rasps and saws. Comparisons to oribatid claws and isopod dactyli are made. The overall pattern of the moveable digit form of T. putrescentiae is not just a uniformly shrunken/swollen version between the other two taxa at either the macro- or micro-scale. Mastication surface macro-roughness values are in the range of international Roughness Grade Numbers N5–N6. The moveable digit of C. lactis has low rugosity values compared to the glycyphagid and acarid (which are topographically more similar and match that roughness typical of some coral reef surfaces). C. lactis has the most plesiomorphic moveable digit form. The mastication surface of all three species as a chewing tool is distinctly ornamented despite the moveable digit of C. lactis looking like a bar-like beam. The latter has more opportunities to be a multifunctional tool behaviourally than the other two species. Little evidence of any differences in the ‘spikiness’ of any ‘toothiness’ is found. Some differences with laboratory cultured specimens are found in C. lactis and possibly T. putrescentiae suggesting where selection on the digit may be able to occur. The chelal surface of T. putrescentiae has been deformed morphologically during evolution the most, that of C. lactis the least. Repeated localised surface differentiation is a feature of the moveable digit in G. domesticus compared to the likely more concerted changes over certain nearby locations in T. putrescentiae. An impactful chelal teeth design is present in G. domesticus but this is more equivocal in T. putrescentiae. Pockets within the mastication surface of the glycyphagid (and to some extent for the acarid) may produce foodstuff crunch forces of the scale of the chelal tips of oribatids. The moveable digit dentition of G. domesticus is adapted to shred foodstuff (like a ripsaw) more than that of the grazing/shearing dentition of T. putrescentiae. The collecting ‘picker‘ design of C. lactis posterior teeth matches the size of Bettsia alvei hyphae which attacks hive-stored pollen. Detritus accumulated in chelal digit gullets through a sawing action matches the smallest observed ingested material. The dentition of C. lactis should produce less friction when moving through food material than G. domesticus. C. lactis is the most hypocarnivorous and may ‘skim’ through fluids when feeding. Astigmatid teeth do matter. The three commensal species can avoid direct competition. Future work is proposed in detail.

Abstract Image

散光齿是否重要:对英国蜂巢中共生螨的螯齿进行摩擦学研究
首次使用二维机械模型中的定量摩擦学测量方法,对英国蜂箱中同居的散尾目动物(即Carpoglyphus lactis (Linnaeus)、Glycyphagus domesticus (DeGeer) 和Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank))的螯状动趾的牙齿特征进行了描述。从人类使用的宏观工具(包括钩具、钳子、剪子、锉刀和锯子)的角度对散光螯钳的营养功能进行了评述。并将其与口足类的爪和等足类的趾作了比较。无论是在宏观尺度还是在微观尺度上,T. putrescentiae 可移动指形的整体模式都不只是其他两个类群之间统一的收缩/肿胀版本。咀嚼面的宏观粗糙度值在国际粗糙度等级编号 N5-N6 的范围内。乳栉水母的可移动指节的粗糙度值比噬齿类和噬螨类低(两者的地形更为相似,符合某些珊瑚礁表面的典型粗糙度)。乳栉水母的可动弹指形态最为丰富。这三个物种作为咀嚼工具的咀嚼表面都有明显的装饰,尽管乳栉水母的活动指头看起来像一根条状的横梁。与其他两个物种相比,后者在行为上有更多机会成为多功能工具。几乎没有证据表明任何 "齿性 "的 "尖刺 "存在差异。在 C. lactis 和可能的 T. putrescentiae 中发现了与实验室培养标本的一些差异,这表明可能存在对指骨的选择。在进化过程中,T. putrescentiae 的螯面变形最大,而 C. lactis 的螯面变形最小。与T. putrescentiae的某些附近位置可能发生的更协调的变化相比,重复的局部表面分化是G. domesticus可动趾的一个特征。豚鼠的螯齿设计具有冲击力,而腐生豚鼠的螯齿设计则比较模糊。草履虫咀嚼面上的凹槽(在某种程度上也包括猿猴的凹槽)可能会产生与兽脚类螯尖相当的食物挤压力。与T. putrescentiae的放牧/剪切牙齿相比,G. domesticus的可移动牙齿更适合撕碎食物(就像撕裂锯)。乳蝇后齿的收集 "拾取器 "设计与攻击蜂巢贮存花粉的白桦菌菌丝的大小相匹配。通过锯切作用积聚在螯齿咽部的碎屑与观察到的最小摄取物相吻合。与姬蜂相比,乳姬蜂的牙齿在移动食物时产生的摩擦力较小。乳螯虾的食欲最弱,进食时可能会 "掠过 "液体。散光牙齿确实很重要。三种共生物种可以避免直接竞争。对今后的工作提出了详细建议。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
9.10%
发文量
81
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Experimental and Applied Acarology publishes peer-reviewed original papers describing advances in basic and applied research on mites and ticks. Coverage encompasses all Acari, including those of environmental, agricultural, medical and veterinary importance, and all the ways in which they interact with other organisms (plants, arthropods and other animals). The subject matter draws upon a wide variety of disciplines, including evolutionary biology, ecology, epidemiology, physiology, biochemistry, toxicology, immunology, genetics, molecular biology and pest management sciences.
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