Total positivity of some polynomial matrices that enumerate labeled trees and forests II. Rooted labeled trees and partial functional digraphs

Abstract

We study three combinatorial models for the lower-triangular matrix with entries $t_{n,k}=\left(\begin{array}{c}n\\ k\end{array}\right)n^{n-k}$: two involving rooted trees on the vertex set $[n+1]$, and one involving partial functional digraphs on the vertex set $\left[n\right]$. We show that this matrix is totally positive and that the sequence of its row-generating polynomials is coefficientwise Hankel-totally positive. We then generalize to polynomials $t_{n,k}(y,z)$ that count improper and proper edges, and further to polynomials $t_{n,k}(y,\varphi )$ in infinitely many indeterminates that give a weight y to each improper edge and a weight $m!{\varphi }_m$ for each vertex with m proper children. We show that if the weight sequence ϕ is Toeplitz-totally positive, then the two foregoing total-positivity results continue to hold. Our proofs use production matrices and exponential Riordan arrays.