A Middle Palaeolithic incised bear bone from the Dziadowa Skała Cave, Poland: the oldest marked object north of the Carpathian Mountains

IF 2.6 1区 地球科学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY
Tomasz Płonka , Andrzej Wiśniewski , Adrian Marciszak , Grzegorz Ziółkowski , Grzegorz Lipecki , Marcin Diakowski , Kamil Serwatka
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Abstract

A fragment of an ursid radius with seventeen incisions (one of them incomplete) was excavated in the 1950s in the Dziadowa Skała Cave in the Częstochowa Upland in southern Poland from a deposit with faunal remains from the Eemian (ca 130–115 kyr). This object has been cited as the earliest evidence of Neanderthal cognitive abilities in the region, but it has been never studied in detail. The artefact has now been re-examined using microscopy and X-ray computed tomography. For this study we revised the determination of the bone and studied the morphology and metric parameters of the incisions (length, width, depth and opening angle). We also used experiments, statistical analysis and an analysis of the incisions' topography to establish the techniques behind their manufacture. The obtained results show that the bone was marked using a retouched stone tool, and that the incisions were produced during a single episode by a right-handed individual using repeated unidirectional movements of the tools’ cutting edge. The incisions are evidently an effect of a deliberate action, not a side-effect of some practical activity. The bear radius from Dziadowa Skała is thus yet another piece of evidence for the emergence of symbolic culture, evolved by hominins in Africa and Eurasia, and represents the oldest example of marked bone north of the Carpathian Mountains.

波兰 Dziadowa Skała 洞穴出土的中旧石器时代刻纹熊骨:喀尔巴阡山脉以北最古老的标记物
20 世纪 50 年代,在波兰南部琴斯托霍瓦高地的 Dziadowa Skała 洞穴中,从埃米纪(约 130-115 千年)动物遗骸的沉积物中发掘出了一块桡骨碎片,上面有 17 个切口(其中一个不完整)。这件文物被认为是该地区尼安德特人认知能力的最早证据,但从未被详细研究过。现在,我们利用显微镜和 X 射线计算机断层扫描技术对这件文物进行了重新研究。在这项研究中,我们修订了骨骼的测定方法,并研究了切口的形态和度量参数(长度、宽度、深度和开口角度)。我们还通过实验、统计分析和切口形貌分析来确定其制造技术。研究结果表明,骨头上的切口是用修饰过的石器刻上去的,切口是由一个右手持刀的人通过反复单向移动石器刃口一次完成的。这些切口显然是刻意为之,而不是某种实际活动的副作用。因此,Dziadowa Skała出土的熊半径是非洲和欧亚大陆的类人猿进化出符号文化的又一证据,也是喀尔巴阡山脉以北最古老的有标记骨骼的例子。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of Archaeological Science
Journal of Archaeological Science 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
7.10%
发文量
112
审稿时长
49 days
期刊介绍: The Journal of Archaeological Science is aimed at archaeologists and scientists with particular interests in advancing the development and application of scientific techniques and methodologies to all areas of archaeology. This established monthly journal publishes focus articles, original research papers and major review articles, of wide archaeological significance. The journal provides an international forum for archaeologists and scientists from widely different scientific backgrounds who share a common interest in developing and applying scientific methods to inform major debates through improving the quality and reliability of scientific information derived from archaeological research.
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