Adil O. S. Bahathiq, Ahmad O. Babalghith, Alaa S. Amin and Abdelrazek M. Askar
{"title":"Fabrication of a novel palladium membrane sensor for its determination in environmental and biological samples","authors":"Adil O. S. Bahathiq, Ahmad O. Babalghith, Alaa S. Amin and Abdelrazek M. Askar","doi":"10.1039/D4VA00056K","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p >A novel sensitive, specific, and reversible optical sensor for the palladium(<small>II</small>) ion was created by impregnating an agarose membrane with 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine-4-ylazo)1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one (AHDDO). Spectrophotometric studies of complex formation between the AHDDO base ligand and Mn<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, Cd<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, Co<small><sup>2+</sup></small> Hg<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, Zn<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, Cu<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, Sr<small><sup>2+</sup></small>, Al<small><sup>3+</sup></small>, Fe<small><sup>3+</sup></small>, Au<small><sup>3+</sup></small>, and Ag<small><sup>+</sup></small> metal ions in an ethanolic solution indicated a substantially larger stability for the palladium ion complex. Therefore, the AHDDO was immobilized on a clear agarose film and used as a suitable ionophore for building a selective Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small> optical sensor. By combining the sensing membrane with Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small> ions at pH 5.75, a transparent color change from orange to violet was observed. On the immobilization of AHDDO, the effects of ionophore concentration, pH, temperature, stirring, and reaction time were investigated. A linear relationship was observed between the membrane absorbance at 633 nm and Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small> concentrations in a range from 15 to 225 ng mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small> with detection (3<em>σ</em>) and quantification (10<em>σ</em>) limits of 4.25 and 14.25 ng mL<small><sup>−1</sup></small>, respectively. For the determination of Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small> ions, no significant interference from at least 400-fold excess concentrations of a number of possibly interfering ions was found. The sensor exhibits remarkable selectivity for Pd<small><sup>2+</sup></small> ions and can be regenerated through exposure to 0.15 M HNO<small><sub>3</sub></small>. The sensor has been successfully used to find palladium in biological, soil, road, and water samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":72941,"journal":{"name":"Environmental science. Advances","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/va/d4va00056k?page=search","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental science. Advances","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2024/va/d4va00056k","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
A novel sensitive, specific, and reversible optical sensor for the palladium(II) ion was created by impregnating an agarose membrane with 4-(2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine-4-ylazo)1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one (AHDDO). Spectrophotometric studies of complex formation between the AHDDO base ligand and Mn2+, Cd2+, Co2+ Hg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Pd2+, Sr2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Au3+, and Ag+ metal ions in an ethanolic solution indicated a substantially larger stability for the palladium ion complex. Therefore, the AHDDO was immobilized on a clear agarose film and used as a suitable ionophore for building a selective Pd2+ optical sensor. By combining the sensing membrane with Pd2+ ions at pH 5.75, a transparent color change from orange to violet was observed. On the immobilization of AHDDO, the effects of ionophore concentration, pH, temperature, stirring, and reaction time were investigated. A linear relationship was observed between the membrane absorbance at 633 nm and Pd2+ concentrations in a range from 15 to 225 ng mL−1 with detection (3σ) and quantification (10σ) limits of 4.25 and 14.25 ng mL−1, respectively. For the determination of Pd2+ ions, no significant interference from at least 400-fold excess concentrations of a number of possibly interfering ions was found. The sensor exhibits remarkable selectivity for Pd2+ ions and can be regenerated through exposure to 0.15 M HNO3. The sensor has been successfully used to find palladium in biological, soil, road, and water samples.