Reinforced HDPE with optimized biochar content for material extrusion additive manufacturing: morphological, rheological, electrical, and thermomechanical insights

IF 13.1 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Biochar Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI:10.1007/s42773-024-00314-5

Nectarios Vidakis, Markos Petousis, Dimitrios Kalderis, Nikolaos Michailidis, Emmanuel Maravelakis, Vassilios Saltas, Nikolaos Bolanakis, Vassilis Papadakis, Mariza Spiridaki, Apostolos Argyros

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The development of efficient and sustainable composites remains a primary objective of both research and industry. In this study, the use of biochar, an eco-friendly reinforcing material, in additive manufacturing (AM) is investigated. A high-density Polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic was used as the matrix, and the material extrusion (MEX) technique was applied for composite production. Biochar was produced from olive tree prunings via conventional pyrolysis at 500 °C. Composite samples were created using biochar loadings in the range of 2.0–10.0 wt. %. The 3D-printed samples were mechanically tested in accordance with international standards. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Raman spectroscopy were used to evaluate the thermal and structural properties of the composites. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the fractographic and morphological characteristics of the materials. The electrical/dielectric properties of HDPE/biochar composites were studied over a broad frequency range (10^–2 Hz–4 MHz) at room temperature. Overall, a laborious effort with 12 different tests was implemented to fully characterize the developed composites and investigate the correlations between the different qualities. This investigation demonstrated that biochar in the MEX process can be a satisfactory reinforcement agent. Notably, compared to the control samples of pure HDPE, biochar increased the tensile strength by over 20% and flexural strength by 35.9% when added at a loading of 4.0 wt. %. The impact strength and microhardness were also significantly improved. Furthermore, the Direct current (DC) conductivity of insulating HDPE increased by five orders of magnitude at 8.0 wt. % of biochar content, suggesting a percolation threshold. These results highlight the potential of C-based composites for the use in additive manufacturing to further exploit their applicability by providing parts with improved mechanical performance and eco-friendly profiles.

Graphical Abstract

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优化生物炭含量的增强型高密度聚乙烯，用于材料挤压添加制造：形态学、流变学、电学和热力学分析

开发高效、可持续的复合材料仍然是科研和工业的首要目标。本研究探讨了生物炭这种生态友好型增强材料在增材制造（AM）中的应用。以高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）热塑性塑料为基体，采用材料挤压（MEX）技术生产复合材料。生物炭是由橄榄树枝条在 500 °C 下通过传统热解工艺制成的。复合材料样品的生物炭含量为 2.0-10.0 wt.根据国际标准对 3D 打印样品进行了机械测试。热重分析（TGA）和拉曼光谱用于评估复合材料的热性能和结构特性。扫描电子显微镜用于检查材料的断口和形态特征。研究了室温下高密度聚乙烯/生物炭复合材料在较宽频率范围（10-2 Hz-4 MHz）内的电/介电性能。总之，通过 12 项不同的测试，对所开发的复合材料进行了全面鉴定，并研究了不同质量之间的相关性。这项研究表明，MEX 工艺中的生物炭是一种令人满意的增强剂。值得注意的是，与纯高密度聚乙烯对照样品相比，当生物炭的添加量为 4.0 wt % 时，拉伸强度提高了 20% 以上，弯曲强度提高了 35.9%。冲击强度和显微硬度也有明显改善。此外，在生物炭含量为 8.0 wt. % 时，绝缘高密度聚乙烯的直流（DC）电导率提高了五个数量级，这表明存在渗流阈值。这些结果凸显了碳基复合材料在增材制造中的应用潜力，通过提供具有更好机械性能和生态友好型材的部件，进一步开发其适用性。

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来源期刊

Biochar Multiple-

CiteScore

18.60

自引率

10.20%

发文量

期刊介绍： Biochar stands as a distinguished academic journal delving into multidisciplinary subjects such as agronomy, environmental science, and materials science. Its pages showcase innovative articles spanning the preparation and processing of biochar, exploring its diverse applications, including but not limited to bioenergy production, biochar-based materials for environmental use, soil enhancement, climate change mitigation, contaminated-environment remediation, water purification, new analytical techniques, life cycle assessment, and crucially, rural and regional development. Biochar publishes various article types, including reviews, original research, rapid reports, commentaries, and perspectives, with the overarching goal of reporting significant research achievements, critical reviews fostering a deeper mechanistic understanding of the science, and facilitating academic exchange to drive scientific and technological development.