Performance and optimization of diclofenac and ibuprofen adsorption onto activated carbon synthesized from sunflower seed shell (Helianthus annuus) in natural groundwater samples

IF 3 4区工程技术 Q3 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Adsorption Pub Date : 2024-04-14 DOI:10.1007/s10450-024-00461-y

John J. Alvear-Daza, Julián A. Rengifo-Herrera, Luis René Pizzio

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Abstract

In this study, activated carbon (AC) obtained from biomass waste materials (sunflower seed shells -SSS) was synthesized by combining chemical (H₃PO₄ 80% wt.) and thermal activation (at 544 °C). Synthesized AC exhibited a BET surface area of 1531 m² g⁻¹, and pore volume of 0.98 cm³ g⁻¹. The material exhibited various surface functional groups, such as P₂O₇, C-O-P and -COOH, O = C, as well as a moderate graphitization degree (I_D/I_G < 1) and acidity caused by H₃PO₄ treatment. Moreover, its morphology and physicochemical features were evaluated by SEM–EDS, TGA, XPS, Raman, and FT-IR techniques. The material was used to study the adsorption of anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical compounds such as ibuprofen (IBF) and diclofenac (DIF) present in natural groundwater samples. The effects of parameters such as pH, activated carbon dose, temperature, and IBF or DIF initial concentration were optimized by using a central composite design (CCD). The results revealed that optimum conditions to remove DIF and IBF from natural groundwater samples were pH of 8.0 and 7.0, an AC dose of 0.79 and 1.0 g L⁻¹, and a contact time of 60 min for DIF and IBF, respectively. A successful procedure to desorb both pollutants from adsorbent by using acetonitrile solutions was achieved, allowing the reuse study whose main results were that after four reusing cycles AC reduced its efficiency to remove DIF and IBF in 28 and 34%, respectively. Finally, the effect of ions, such as nitrate, bicarbonate, and sulfate at concentrations commonly found in natural groundwater on the adsorption of both pollutants onto AC was studied using deionized water. As a result, this study suggests considerable interest of AC in real applications due to its versatility and prolonged reuse to effectively remove anti-inflammatory compounds from natural aqueous solution.

Graphical Abstract

Abstract Image

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天然地下水样品中向日葵籽壳（Helianthus annuus）合成的活性炭对双氯芬酸和布洛芬的吸附性能及其优化

本研究通过化学（H3PO4 80% wt.）和热活化（544 °C）相结合的方法，合成了由生物质废料（向日葵籽壳-SSS）制成的活性炭（AC）。合成的 AC 的 BET 表面积为 1531 m2 g-1，孔体积为 0.98 cm3 g-1。该材料表现出多种表面官能团，如 P2O7、C-O-P 和 -COOH，O = C，以及适度的石墨化程度（ID/IG <1）和 H3PO4 处理造成的酸性。此外，还利用 SEM-EDS、TGA、XPS、拉曼和傅立叶变换红外技术对其形态和理化特征进行了评估。该材料被用于研究天然地下水样品中布洛芬（IBF）和双氯芬酸（DIF）等消炎药物化合物的吸附。采用中心复合设计（CCD）对 pH 值、活性炭剂量、温度、IBF 或 DIF 初始浓度等参数的影响进行了优化。结果表明，去除天然地下水样品中 DIF 和 IBF 的最佳条件分别是 pH 值为 8.0 和 7.0，活性炭剂量为 0.79 和 1.0 g L-1，DIF 和 IBF 的接触时间为 60 分钟。使用乙腈溶液成功地将这两种污染物从吸附剂中解吸出来，从而可以进行再利用研究，其主要结果是，经过四个再利用周期后，AC 去除 DIF 和 IBF 的效率分别降低了 28% 和 34%。最后，使用去离子水研究了天然地下水中常见的硝酸盐、碳酸氢盐和硫酸盐等离子对 AC 吸附这两种污染物的影响。结果表明，由于 AC 具有多功能性和可长期重复使用的特点，它能有效去除天然水溶液中的消炎化合物，因此这项研究表明 AC 在实际应用中具有相当大的吸引力。图文摘要

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来源期刊

Adsorption 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

3.00%

发文量

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The journal Adsorption provides authoritative information on adsorption and allied fields to scientists, engineers, and technologists throughout the world. The information takes the form of peer-reviewed articles, R&D notes, topical review papers, tutorial papers, book reviews, meeting announcements, and news. Coverage includes fundamental and practical aspects of adsorption: mathematics, thermodynamics, chemistry, and physics, as well as processes, applications, models engineering, and equipment design. Among the topics are Adsorbents: new materials, new synthesis techniques, characterization of structure and properties, and applications; Equilibria: novel theories or semi-empirical models, experimental data, and new measurement methods; Kinetics: new models, experimental data, and measurement methods. Processes: chemical, biochemical, environmental, and other applications, purification or bulk separation, fixed bed or moving bed systems, simulations, experiments, and design procedures.