Antibacterial Synergy: Assessing the Impact of Nano Zirconium Oxide Particles in Combination with Selected Antibiotics on Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections

Abstract

Research for novel compounds that may block bacterial development has continued and prompted by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The expenses of community for health care as a result of antibiotic resistance has indeed been remarkable during the last decades and demand immediate of medical attention. Consequently, this research presents the antibacterial effect of genuine metal oxide nanoparticles against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae that have been isolated from urinary tract infection patients. This is because metal oxide nanomaterials have already been utilised a compromise with some of its comprehensive implementations throughout the pharmaceutical and biological disciplines of nano-biotechnology. The biological activity of zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles against bacteria is investigated using agar well diffusion approach. The antibacterial efficiency of nanoparticles on E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using both qualitative and quantitative assessment approaches is appraised. Specifically, an aseptic technique is used to collect fifty urine samples into sterile tubes. To inoculate the patients' midstream urine on both blood agar and MacConkey agar plates, the direct streaking approach is employed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X–Ray diffraction (XRD) techniques are used to signify the physical features nanoparticle including shape and size. The identified cubic components of SEM and XRD techniques indicate the existence of ZrO₂ nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles of particle size ranges between 5 to 50 nm. According to the data, ZrO₂ nanoparticles have a bacteriostatic effect at 0.1 mg/ml with an absorption of 0.2 and a bactericidal effect at 2 mg/ml with an absorption of 0.007 on E. col isolates. Additionally, ZrO₂ nanoparticles exhibit bacteriostatic (at 0.1 mg/ml with absorption of 0.3) and bactericidal (at 2 mg/ml with absorption of 0.001) effects on Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Among all the antibiotics utilised, gentamicin shows the lowest rate of resistance, suggesting that it is more effective against E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae when ZrO₂ is presented.