Elucidation of the composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of essential oil and extract from Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle peel

Abstract

The most effective methodologies for generating Musa spp. explants involve the utilization of plant tissue culture micropropagation techniques. However, the pervasive challenge of microbial contamination significantly impedes the successful micropropagation of Musa spp. This study examined the antioxidant and antibacterial characteristics of the essential oil (LPO) and extract (LPE) obtained from the peel of Citrus aurantifolia. Additionally, we explored their mechanisms against common microbial contaminants in Musa spp. micropropagation. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified 28 components in LPO, with δ-limonene, β-pinene, citral, trans-citral, β-bisabolene, geranyl acetate, and α-pinene as the primary constituents. Meanwhile, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 17 components in LPE, highlighting nobiletin, tangeretin, scoparone, sinensetin, tetramethylscutellarein, 5-demethylnobiletin, and pyropheophorbide A as the predominant compounds. Evaluation using the DPPH and ABTS methods revealed the IC₅₀ values for LPE at 0.66 ± 0.009 and 0.92 ± 0.012 mg/mL, respectively, indicating higher antioxidant activity compared to LPO, with IC₅₀ values of 3.03 ± 0.019 and 4.27 ± 0.023 mg/mL using the same methods. Both LPO and LPE exhibited antimicrobial activities against all tested contaminant microorganisms through in vitro assays. Mechanistic investigations employing time-kill analysis, assessment of cell membrane integrity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed changes in the morphological characteristics of the tested microbial contaminants, intensifying with increased concentration and exposure duration of LPO and LPE. These alterations led to substantial damage, including cell wall lysis, leakage of intracellular components, and subsequent cell death. Consequently, LPO and LPE emerge as promising alternatives for addressing microbial contamination in banana tissue cultures.