Effects of Cannabis Exposure on Adolescent Health and Development: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Adolescence is an immature but adventurous time period of exploration. Due to rapid developments of the brain with unbalanced release of neurotransmitters, adolescents are prone to impulsivity that may carry out potentially dangerous behaviors. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than one-third of high school students have reported the use of cannabis or marijuana in 2019, and the trend has not declined since. Previous studies have shown that cannabis not only affects cognitive and social behaviors, but also produces psychological responses to stress. In this review, we have summarized recent studies on cannabis- produced effects during the unique period of adolescent development, and we have also briefly discussed the legalization of cannabis. Though there are slight differences between cannabis and marijuana, the major active component of them is tetrahydrocannabinol. We have used the term “cannabis” in this review. Cannabis use in adolescents causes structural and functional changes in the brain, increasing the probability of depression, which is also associated with other illicit substance use, and impairs education achievement. Given that cannabis use can cause detrimental harm to adolescents, it is suggested that adolescents should generally avoid using cannabis in a recreational manner. More preclinical and clinical studies are needed to provide detailed information for evidence-based decisions.