Characterization of the “Waru Waru” soils on the Peruvian high plateau

IF 1.4 Q4 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil Science Annual Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI:10.37501/soilsa/184338

Sandro Sardon Nina, J. Loaiza-Úsuga, Diego Varga, Yoissy Pari Morales

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Abstract

The Puno-Peruvian high plateau have been shaped by humans over the last 8000 years. The Waru Waru system is a direct result of the agricultural activities of the pre-Inca in the last 2000 years. The present study was conducted in the circumlacustrine zone of Titicaca (445,532 ha) near the city of Puno, Peru. The parent material of the soils originates from the Quaternary alluvial and lacustrine deposits within the high plateau with ﬂ at landscapes, and the land is used for temporary and perennial cultivation as well as extensive natural pasture. The entire region was assessed through a pre-liminary soil survey, based on which three soil pro ﬁ les were selected as representative Waru Waru soil structures. The soil samples were subjected to morphological and physicochemical analyses and the genesis in relation to historical use was investigated. The results showed that sandy loam and clay loam textures dominate and the average sand content is 52%, giving the parent material acidic characteristics. The soils are typically covered by natural grassland, with adequate drainage conditions and the presence of a hydrological discontinuity at a depth of 60 cm. The stagnic properties of the soils are related to the seasonally wet and paleohydromorphic conditions originating from paleo-lacustrine conditions and ﬂ ooding. The soils exhibited high variability in base content, with pH ranging from acidic to neutral and evidence of ion leaching processes and incipient concentration of salts at depth. The predominant soils were Stagnosols, Cambisols and Phaeozems in the same order (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2022), corresponding to Inceptisols and Mollisols (Soil Survey Staff, 2022a). The Waru Waru agricultural system covers an area of approximately 123,000 ha, with 5% of this area consisting of natural grasslands. The degradation of the traditional agriculture system (Waru Waru) is in ﬂ uenced by the socio-cultural dynamics and modernization of the agricultural sector.

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秘鲁高原 "瓦鲁瓦鲁 "土壤的特征

普诺-秘鲁高原是人类在过去 8000 年间塑造而成的。瓦鲁瓦鲁系统是过去 2000 年前印加人农业活动的直接结果。本研究在秘鲁普诺市附近的的喀喀湖环湖地带（445,532 公顷）进行。土壤的母质来自高原上的第四纪冲积层和湖积层，地势平坦，土地用于临时和常年耕作，以及大面积的天然牧场。通过初步土壤调查对整个地区进行了评估，并在此基础上选择了三个土壤样本作为具有代表性的瓦鲁瓦鲁土壤结构。对土壤样本进行了形态和物理化学分析，并调查了与历史使用相关的成因。结果表明，沙壤土和粘壤土质地占主导地位，平均含沙量为 52%，母质呈酸性。这些土壤通常被天然草地覆盖，排水条件充足，在 60 厘米深处存在水文不连续性。土壤的滞水特性与季节性潮湿和古水文地貌条件有关，这些条件源于古湖沼条件和浮积。土壤中的碱基含量变化很大，pH 值从酸性到中性不等，离子沥滤过程和盐分在深层的初始浓度也很明显。主要土壤依次为积滞土壤、寒武土壤和辉绿岩（IUSS WRB 工作组，2022 年），与之相对应的是 Inceptisols 和 Mollisols（土壤调查人员，2022a）。瓦鲁瓦鲁农业系统的面积约为 123,000 公顷，其中 5%为天然草地。传统农业系统（瓦鲁瓦鲁）的退化受到社会文化动态和农业现代化的影响。

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来源期刊

Soil Science Annual SOIL SCIENCE-

CiteScore

2.50

自引率

6.70%

发文量

审稿时长

29 weeks

期刊介绍： Soil Science Annual journal is a continuation of the “Roczniki Gleboznawcze” – the journal of the Polish Society of Soil Science first published in 1950. Soil Science Annual is a quarterly devoted to a broad spectrum of issues relating to the soil environment. From 2012, the journal is published in the open access system by the Sciendo (De Gruyter).