Advanced strategies to mitigate heavy metals in ground and sewage water

Abstract

Water, a fundamental resource for life, faces an increasing threat from heavy-metal pollution driven by population growth, industrialization, and shifting consumption patterns. This review addresses the rising threat of heavy-metal contamination in water resources by examining its causes and awful consequences. By evaluating innovative mitigation strategies the study emphasizes a key role of plant–microbe interactions, nanotechnology-based remediation, and environmental biotechnological approaches such as including real-time monitoring and microbial fuel cells. Insights provided contribute to a universal understanding that is used to pave the way for sustainable solutions to combat heavy-metal pollution and safeguard global water ecosystems.