ORCHARD CROPS AND GRAPES: GENE POOL AND ITS USE IN BREEDING

Fruit growing and viticulture of South Russia Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI:10.30679/2219-5335-2024-2-86-44-70

R. Zaremuk

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Abstract

The study presents the results of a comprehensive phenotypic and genotypic assessment of the gene pool of orchard crops, grapes and breeding of new generation varieties. Taking into account changing weather and climatic conditions, intensification of technologies for cultivating orchard crops and grapes, the need to change the focus of breeding work is becoming more urgent, in terms of increasing the adaptability of varieties. The purpose of the research was to mobilize, preserve, study the gene pool, identify genes for valuable traits using DNA markers, and create varieties with high productive potential. In conjunction with this, the NCFSCHVW preserves a gene pool of 7,240 genotypes, 632 donors and sources of valuable traits. For the first time, promising DNA-markers Ps12a02a and CPPCT006, priority ones for genetic analysis, have been identified for the evaluation of sweet cherry varieties. The polymorphism of DNA-markers used for genotyping of grape varieties was established: UDV305 and UDV737, linked to the Rpv3 gene for resistance to downy mildew, GF15-42, SCGF15-02, linked to the Ren3 gene, and CenGen6, linked to the Ren9 gene for resistance to grape powdery mildew. DNA-marking made it possible to identify donor grape varieties Moldova bessemyannaya (resistance to downy mildew by the Rpv3 gene), Kishmish Zaporozhskiy (resistance to powdery mildew by the Ren3 and Ren9 genes); donor of apple tree immunity to scab according to the Rvi6 gene – elite 12/2-21-27. Analysis of the hybrid progeny of strawberries made it possible to identify the donor of large fruit – Nelly variety. 26 unique DNA passports of domestic grape, plum and apple varieties have been developed. Based on a comprehensive assessment of varieties of orchard crops and grapes, 45 sources were established for important characteristics: adaptability, productivity, tolerance to root phylloxera, seedlessness of grapes, productivity in the mother plantings, easy propagation by cuttings, etc. 16 elite forms were obtained with breeding-significant traits, allowing to optimize the assortment of garden crops and grapes. To create stable and productive agrocenoses and ampelocenoses in the conditions of the North Caucasus, 20 varieties with high ecological plasticity and manufacturability are recommended. Key words: GENE POOL, ORCHARD CROPS, GRAPES, VARIETY, ADAPTABILITY, PRODUCTIVITY, DNA MARKERS

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果园作物和葡萄：基因库及其在育种中的应用

本研究介绍了对果园作物和葡萄基因库进行表型和基因型综合评估以及培育新一代品种的结果。考虑到天气和气候条件的变化、果园作物和葡萄栽培技术的加强，从提高品种适应性的角度出发，改变育种工作重点的需求变得更加迫切。研究的目的是动员、保护和研究基因库，利用 DNA 标记鉴定有价值性状的基因，并培育出具有高生产潜力的品种。为此，国家农作物基因库保存了 7 240 个基因型、632 个供体和有价值性状的来源。在甜樱桃品种的评估中，首次确定了有前途的 DNA 标记 Ps12a02a 和 CPPCT006，它们是遗传分析的优先选择。用于葡萄品种基因分型的 DNA 标记的多态性已经确定：UDV305 和 UDV737 与抗霜霉病的 Rpv3 基因有关，GF15-42 和 SCGF15-02 与抗葡萄白粉病的 Ren3 基因有关，CenGen6 与 Ren9 基因有关。通过 DNA 标记，确定了供体葡萄品种 Moldova bessemyannaya（通过 Rpv3 基因抗霜霉病）、Kishmish Zaporozhskiy（通过 Ren3 和 Ren9 基因抗白粉病）；通过 Rvi6 基因确定了苹果树抗疮痂病的供体--精英 12/2-21-27。通过对草莓杂交后代的分析，确定了大果实的供体--"耐莉 "品种。已开发出 26 种国内葡萄、李子和苹果品种的独特 DNA 护照。在对果园作物和葡萄品种进行全面评估的基础上，确定了 45 个重要特性来源：适应性、生产力、对根瘤蚜虫的耐受性、葡萄无籽性、母本生产力、扦插繁殖简便性等。通过育种获得了 16 个具有重要特征的优良品种，从而优化了园艺作物和葡萄的品种。为在北高加索条件下培育出稳定、高产的农家乐和安培园，推荐 20 个具有高生态可塑性和可制造性的品种。关键词：基因库、果园作物、葡萄基因库、果园作物、葡萄、品种、适应性、生产力、DNA 标记

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Fruit growing and viticulture of South Russia

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