The landscape of small-molecule prodrugs

Abstract

Prodrugs are derivatives with superior properties compared with the parent active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), which undergo biotransformation after administration to generate the API in situ. Although sharing this general characteristic, prodrugs encompass a wide range of different chemical structures, therapeutic indications and properties. Here we provide the first holistic analysis of the current landscape of approved prodrugs using cheminformatics and data science approaches to reveal trends in prodrug development. We highlight rationales that underlie prodrug design, their indications, mechanisms of API release, the chemistry of promoieties added to APIs to form prodrugs and the market impact of prodrugs. On the basis of this analysis, we discuss strengths and limitations of current prodrug approaches and suggest areas for future development. The development of prodrugs — derivatives of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with little or no biological activity themselves that are converted into the API after administration — can address issues with properties of the API such as poor bioavailability. This article provides a holistic analysis of approved prodrugs and discusses trends in prodrug design, their indications, mechanisms of API release and the chemistry of promoieties added to APIs to form prodrugs.