Assessing environmental exposure to viruses in wastewater treatment plant and swine farm scenarios with next-generation sequencing and occupational risk approaches

IF 4.5 2区 医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Marta Itarte , Miquel Calvo , Lola Martínez-Frago , Cristina Mejías-Molina , Sandra Martínez-Puchol , Rosina Girones , Gertjan Medema , Sílvia Bofill-Mas , Marta Rusiñol
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Occupational exposure to pathogens can pose health risks. This study investigates the viral exposure of workers in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a swine farm by analyzing aerosol and surfaces samples. Viral contamination was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, and target enrichment sequencing (TES) was performed to identify the vertebrate viruses to which workers might be exposed. Additionally, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was conducted to estimate the occupational risk associated with viral exposure for WWTP workers, choosing Human Adenovirus (HAdV) as the reference pathogen. In the swine farm, QMRA was performed as an extrapolation, considering a hypothetical zoonotic virus with characteristics similar to Porcine Adenovirus (PAdV). The modelled exposure routes included aerosol inhalation and oral ingestion through contaminated surfaces and hand-to-mouth contact.

HAdV and PAdV were widespread viruses in the WWTP and the swine farm, respectively, by qPCR assays. TES identified human and other vertebrate viruses WWTP samples, including viruses from families such as Adenoviridae, Circoviridae, Orthoherpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, and Parvoviridae. In the swine farm, most of the identified vertebrate viruses were porcine viruses belonging to Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Retroviridae.

QMRA analysis revealed noteworthy risks of viral infections for WWTP workers if safety measures are not taken. The probability of illness due to HAdV inhalation was higher in summer compared to winter, while the greatest risk from oral ingestion was observed in workspaces during winter. Swine farm QMRA simulation suggested a potential occupational risk in the case of exposure to a hypothetical zoonotic virus.

This study provides valuable insights into WWTP and swine farm worker's occupational exposure to human and other vertebrate viruses. QMRA and NGS analyses conducted in this study will assist managers in making evidence-based decisions, facilitating the implementation of protection measures, and risk mitigation practices for workers.

利用新一代测序和职业风险方法评估污水处理厂和养猪场环境中的病毒暴露情况
职业暴露于病原体会带来健康风险。本研究通过分析气溶胶和表面样本,调查了污水处理厂(WWTP)和养猪场工人的病毒暴露情况。使用定量聚合酶链反应 (qPCR) 分析法评估了病毒污染情况,并进行了目标富集测序 (TES),以确定工人可能接触到的脊椎动物病毒。此外,还进行了微生物定量风险评估(QMRA),以估算污水处理厂工人接触病毒的职业风险,并选择人类腺病毒(HAdV)作为参考病原体。在猪场,QMRA 作为外推法进行,考虑了与猪腺病毒 (PAdV) 特性相似的假定人畜共患病病毒。通过 qPCR 检测,HAdV 和 PAdV 分别是污水处理厂和养猪场普遍存在的病毒。TES 在污水处理厂样本中发现了人类和其他脊椎动物病毒,包括腺病毒科、环状病毒科、正疱疹病毒科、乳头瘤病毒科和副粘病毒科的病毒。在猪场中,大部分已确定的脊椎动物病毒是属于腺病毒科、天牛病毒科、环状病毒科、疱疹病毒科、乳头瘤病毒科、副粘病毒科、皮卡病毒科和逆转录病毒科的猪病毒。QMRA 分析显示,如果不采取安全措施,污水处理厂工人感染病毒的风险值得注意。与冬季相比,夏季因吸入 HAdV 而致病的概率更高,而冬季工作场所因口服而致病的风险最大。猪场 QMRA 模拟表明,在暴露于假定的人畜共患病病毒的情况下存在潜在的职业风险。这项研究为污水处理厂和猪场工人暴露于人类和其他脊椎动物病毒的职业风险提供了宝贵的见解。本研究中进行的 QMRA 和 NGS 分析将帮助管理人员做出以证据为基础的决策,促进保护措施的实施,并减轻工人的风险。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
11.50
自引率
5.00%
发文量
151
审稿时长
22 days
期刊介绍: The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health serves as a multidisciplinary forum for original reports on exposure assessment and the reactions to and consequences of human exposure to the biological, chemical, and physical environment. Research reports, short communications, reviews, scientific comments, technical notes, and editorials will be peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication. Priority will be given to articles on epidemiological aspects of environmental toxicology, health risk assessments, susceptible (sub) populations, sanitation and clean water, human biomonitoring, environmental medicine, and public health aspects of exposure-related outcomes.
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