Controlling saturation to improve per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) removal in biochar-amended stormwater bioretention systems†

IF 3.1 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Kathleen Mills Hawkins, James Conrad Pritchard, Scott Struck, Yeo-Myoung Cho, Richard G. Luthy and Christopher P. Higgins
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Abstract

Black carbon-amended bioretention systems are an increasingly popular strategy for the removal of organic contaminants, including poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and other trace organic contaminants (TOrCs), from urban stormwater. Many PFASs preferentially accumulate at the air–water interface, but detention time requirements for stormwater bioretention systems typically result in full saturation of the bioretention systems, effectively removing their air–water interfaces. This study assessed the effect of bioretention system saturation on removal of PFASs, metals, and hydrophilic TOrCs. A field-aged mixture of 40% v/v sand, 30% v/v zeolite, and 30% v/v biochar was packed into columns which were operated with hydraulic controls to remain unsaturated or fully saturated throughout the duration of the experiment. Twenty-four storm events sized to a 95th percentile storm at a California, United States military site were simulated using synthetic stormwater fortified with aqueous film forming foam-derived PFASs, TOrCs, and metals to mimic real-world conditions. Unsaturated conditions outperformed saturated conditions for removal of all PFASs analyzed. A simulated inadvertent system perturbation (i.e. flooding event) in the unsaturated columns did not result in significantly greater mobilization of PFAS mass, suggesting that more sorption to the biochar occurred as a result of the transient retention of PFASs at the air–water interface reducing kinetic sorption limitations. Overall, maintaining unsaturated conditions in a biofilter may extend the sorptive filter lifetime for PFASs by up to 83%. The results have implications for bioretention system application and design for PFAS removal in contaminated catchment areas.

Abstract Image

控制饱和度以提高生物炭改良型雨水生物滞留系统对全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 的去除率
黑碳改进型生物滞留系统是一种日益流行的策略,用于去除城市雨水中的有机污染物,包括多氟醚和全氟醚类物质 (PFAS) 以及其他痕量有机污染物 (TOrCs)。许多 PFASs 会优先积聚在空气-水界面上,但雨水生物滞留系统的滞留时间要求通常会导致生物滞留系统完全饱和,从而有效地去除其空气-水界面。本研究评估了生物滞留系统饱和度对去除 PFAS、金属和亲水性 TOrCs 的影响。由 40% v/v 沙、30% v/v 沸石和 30% v/v 生物炭组成的田间老化混合物被装入柱中,通过水力控制使其在整个实验期间保持非饱和或完全饱和状态。在美国加利福尼亚州的一个军事基地,使用添加了水成膜泡沫衍生的全氟辛烷磺酸、TOrCs 和金属的合成雨水模拟了 24 次暴雨事件,其规模与第 95 百分位数暴雨相当,以模拟真实世界的条件。非饱和条件对所有 PFASs 的去除效果均优于饱和条件。在非饱和色谱柱中模拟的意外系统扰动(即淹没事件)并没有导致 PFAS 质量的显著增加,这表明由于 PFAS 在空气-水界面的瞬时滞留减少了动力学吸附限制,因此生物炭发生了更多吸附。总之,在生物滤池中保持非饱和条件可延长全氟辛烷磺酸的吸附过滤寿命达 83%。这些结果对生物滞留系统在受污染集水区去除全氟辛烷磺酸的应用和设计具有重要意义。
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来源期刊
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL SC-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
CiteScore
8.60
自引率
4.00%
发文量
206
期刊介绍: Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology seeks to showcase high quality research about fundamental science, innovative technologies, and management practices that promote sustainable water.
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