Microstructures, Optical, magnetic Properties, and photocatalytic activity of magnetically separable and reusable ZnO-Doped Fe3O4/rGO nanocomposite synthesized via green route

Abstract

We report magnetically-separable, reusable, green-synthesized Fe₃O₄/rGO/ZnO, as heterogeneous catalyst for photo-Fenton degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution under certain treatments. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was green-synthesized using Moringa oleifera leaf extract, while rGO was synthesized utilizing Amaranthus viridis leaf extract. Fe₃O₄/rGO was composited under sonication treatment. Afterwards, Fe₃O₄/rGO was doped with ZnO with various concentration of ZnO. X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction showed that Fe₃O₄ and ZnO had spinel cubic and hexagonal structure, respectively; another phase appeared as Fe₂O₃ spinel cubic structure. Crystallite size was decreased as the ZnO concentration increased. Morphology image showed almost spherical, non-uniform, and slightly dispersed particle under agglomerated condition, attaching to rGO sheets. The particle size of Fe₃O₄, Fe₃O₄/rGO, and Fe₃O₄/rGO/ZnO is 14.3; 14.1; and 10.4 nm, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectra showed metallic functional groups, such as Fe-O and Zn–O at 562–589 and 462–478 cm⁻¹ also suggests nanocomposite formation. However, blue-shift absorption and band gap widening were observed with ZnO addition. Raman spectroscopy revealed the formation as-synthesized GO and rGO. Vibrating sample magnetometer showed that green-synthesized Fe₃O₄/rGO/ZnO exhibited superparamagnetic properties. Removal efficiency of photodegradation methylene blue was optimal for green-synthesized Fe₃O₄/rGO/ZnO under sonication treatment, reached 100 % degradation within 180 min for uptake every 30 min. Photodegradation was also analyzed using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model, resulting rate constant of 24.7 × 10⁻³ min⁻¹ and half-life time of 28.1 min at optimum treatment. Reusability of photocatalytic activity after 3 cycles showed only a tiny drop in catalytic efficiency. Meanwhile, it possesses high stability in catalytic activity and structure. The green-synthesized Fe₃O₄/rGO/ZnO potential as an environmentally friendly reusable photocatalyst for wastewater degradation.