A conceptual model for the development of tornadoes in the complex orography of the Po Valley

IF 4.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS

ACS Applied Bio Materials Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI:10.1175/mwr-d-23-0222.1

Francesco De Martin, Silvio Davolio, M. Miglietta, Vincenzo Levizzani

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Abstract

The Po Valley in northern Italy is a hot spot for tornadoes in Europe in spite of being surrounded by two mountain ridges: the Alps in the north and the Apennines in the southwest. The research focuses on the case study of 19 September 2021, when seven tornadoes (four of them rated as F2) developed in the Po Valley in a few hours. The event was analyzed using observations and numerical simulations with the convection-permitting MOLOCH model. Observations show that during the event in the Po Valley there were two surface boundaries, that created a triple point: an outflow boundary generated by convection triggered in the Alpine foothills, and a dryline generated by downslope winds from the Apennines, while warm and moist air was advected westward from the Adriatic Sea east (ahead) of the boundaries. Tornadoes developed about 20 km north-east of the triple point. Numerical simulations with 500 m grid-spacing suggest that supercell and dryline development in the Po Valley were sensitive to the elevation of the Apennines. Simulated vertical profiles show that the best combination of instability and wind shear for the development of tornadoes was attained within a narrow area located ahead of the dryline. A conceptual model for the development of tornadoes in the Po Valley is proposed, and the differences between tornado environments over a flat terrain and over a region with complex terrain are discussed.

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波河谷复杂地形中龙卷风发展的概念模型

意大利北部的波河谷地是欧洲龙卷风的热点地区，尽管它被两条山脊环绕：北部的阿尔卑斯山脉和西南部的亚平宁山脉。研究重点是 2021 年 9 月 19 日的案例研究，当时波河谷地在几个小时内发生了 7 次龙卷风（其中 4 次被评为 F2 级）。研究利用观测数据和允许对流的 MOLOCH 模型的数值模拟对该事件进行了分析。观测结果表明，在波河谷发生龙卷风期间，有两个地表边界，形成了一个三联点：一个是由阿尔卑斯山麓引发的对流产生的外流边界，另一个是由亚平宁山脉的下坡风产生的干燥线，而温暖潮湿的空气则从边界以东（前方）的亚得里亚海向西平流。龙卷风在三点东北方向约 20 公里处形成。网格间距为 500 米的数值模拟结果表明，波河谷地的超级龙卷风和干线的发展对亚平宁山脉的海拔高度非常敏感。模拟的垂直剖面图显示，龙卷风发展所需的不稳定性和风切变的最佳组合出现在干线前方的一个狭窄区域内。提出了波河谷龙卷风发展的概念模型，并讨论了地形平坦地区和地形复杂地区龙卷风环境的差异。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

ACS Applied Bio Materials Chemistry-Chemistry (all)

CiteScore

9.40

自引率

2.10%

发文量

464

期刊介绍： ACS Applied Bio Materials is an interdisciplinary journal publishing original research covering all aspects of biomaterials and biointerfaces including and beyond the traditional biosensing, biomedical and therapeutic applications. The journal is devoted to reports of new and original experimental and theoretical research of an applied nature that integrates knowledge in the areas of materials, engineering, physics, bioscience, and chemistry into important bio applications. The journal is specifically interested in work that addresses the relationship between structure and function and assesses the stability and degradation of materials under relevant environmental and biological conditions.