Assessment of TiO2 (nano)particles migration from food packaging materials to food simulants by single particle ICP-MS/MS using a high efficiency sample introduction system

Abstract

TiO₂ is the most widely used white pigment in plastics and food packaging industry, thus the question of its migration towards food and hence the impact on consumers is raised. Since recent research indicate its potential toxicity, it is necessary to study TiO₂ contamination as a consequence of food storage. For this purpose, plastic containers from commercially-available dairy products and custom-made TiO₂-spiked polypropylene materials were put in contact with 50% (v/v) ethanol and 3% (w/v) acetic acid, which were used here as food simulants. The migration assays were carried out under standard contact conditions of packaging use (as recommended by Commission Regulation (EU) N° 10/2011 for food contact migration testing), and under conditions of extreme mechanical degradation of the packaging. The TiO₂ (nano)particles released in the food simulants were analysed by single particle inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry in mass-shift mode and using a high efficiency sample introduction system (APEX™ Ω) to avoid matrix effects from food simulants. For the dairy product containers and for the spiked polypropylene, results showed release of TiO₂ particles of rather large sizes (average size: 164 and 175 nm, respectively) under mechanical degradation conditions, i.e. when the polymeric structure is damaged. The highest amounts of TiO₂ were observed in 50% ethanol after 10 days of storage at 50 °C (0.62 ng cm⁻²) for the dairy product containers and after 1 day of storage at 50 °C (0.68 ng cm⁻²) for the spiked polypropylene. However, the level of Ti released in particle form was very small compared to the total Ti content in the packaging and far below the acceptable migration limits set by European legislation. Release under standard contact conditions of use of the container was not measurable, thus the migration of TiO₂ particles from this packaging to dairy products among storage is expected to be negligible.