Deportations of Roma from Hungary and the Mass Killing at Kamianets-Podilskyi in 1941

IF 0.4 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
Anders E B Blomqvist
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

At the end of August 1941, the Nazi German Einsatzgruppe, together with German Police Battalion 320 and Ukrainian auxiliaries, killed approximately 23,600 persons (mainly Jews) at Kamianets-Podilskyi. While some researchers assert that Roma were deported from Hungary and Hungarian-occupied Transcarpathia (present-day Ukraine) despite the absence of official reports, other scholars argue that Hungarian leaders may have planned to ethnically “cleanse” the area of Roma, but the plan was never executed, resulting in no deportations or deaths. This article presents new findings that support the former position, and argues that roughly one thousand Roma were expelled from Transcarpathia. New evidence includes a report detailing the ongoing operation to expel Roma, census data indicating a significant reduction in the Roma population near the border, as well as indications that individuals other than Jews were expelled, likely Roma. Only circumstantial evidence—verbal orders to eliminate Roma and reports of Roma killings by the same special commando in different locations—supports the claim that Roma were killed in the August 1941 massacre, though later reports from 1942 explicitly identify Roma victims. After analyzing this new evidence, the author supports the claim that Roma were deported and potentially killed earlier than had previously been known.
1941 年匈牙利驱逐罗姆人和在卡米亚内茨-波季尔斯基的大屠杀
1941 年 8 月底,纳粹德国冲锋队与德国 320 警察营和乌克兰辅助部队一起,在 Kamianets-Podilskyi 杀害了约 23 600 人(主要是犹太人)。一些研究人员断言,尽管没有官方报告,但罗姆人被驱逐出匈牙利和匈牙利占领的外喀尔巴阡(今乌克兰),而其他学者则认为,匈牙利领导人可能计划对该地区的罗姆人进行种族 "清洗",但该计划从未执行,因此没有造成驱逐或死亡。本文介绍了支持前一种观点的新发现,并认为大约有一千名罗姆人被驱逐出外喀尔巴阡。新的证据包括一份详细描述驱逐罗姆人的持续行动的报告、显示边境附近罗姆人人口大幅减少的人口普查数据,以及除犹太人以外的其他人(很可能是罗姆人)被驱逐的迹象。只有间接证据--消灭罗姆人的口头命令和同一特别突击队在不同地点杀害罗姆人的报告--支持 1941 年 8 月大屠杀中罗姆人被杀的说法,尽管后来 1942 年的报告明确指出罗姆人是受害者。在对这些新证据进行分析后,作者支持这样的说法,即罗姆人被驱逐出境和可能被杀害的时间早于之前已知的时间。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.40
自引率
33.30%
发文量
63
期刊介绍: The major forum for scholarship on the Holocaust and other genocides, Holocaust and Genocide Studies is an international journal featuring research articles, interpretive essays, and book reviews in the social sciences and humanities. It is the principal publication to address the issue of how insights into the Holocaust apply to other genocides. Articles compel readers to confront many aspects of human behavior, to contemplate major moral issues, to consider the role of science and technology in human affairs, and to reconsider significant political and social factors.
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