Heart Rate Variability (HRV) serves as an objective correlate of distress and symptom burden in multiple sclerosis

Abstract

Background

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction is frequently seen in people living with multiple sclerosis (MS). Heart rate variability (HRV) is an easy and objective index for evaluating ANS functioning, and it has been previously used to explore the association between ANS and the experience of symptom burden in other chronic diseases. Given ANS functioning can be influenced by physical and psychological factors, this study investigated whether emotional distress and/or the presence of ANS dysfunction is associated with symptom severity in people living with MS.

Methods

Participants with MS and healthy controls (HC) with no history of cardiac conditions were recruited to self-collect HR data sampled from a chest strap HR monitor (PolarH10). Short-term HR signal was collected for five minutes, and time and frequency HRV analyses were performed and compared between groups. HRV values were then compared to self-reported distress (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) and MS participants’ self-reported measures of symptom burden (SymptoMScreen).

Results

A total of n = 23 adults with MS (51 ± 12 years, 65 % female, median Patient Determined Disease Steps [PDDS]: 3.0) and n = 23 HCs (43 ± 18 years, 40 % female) completed the study procedures. All participants were able to complete the chest strap placement and HR data capture independently. Participants with MS, compared to the HC participants, had a significantly lower parasympathetic activation as shown by lower values of the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD: 21.86 ± 9.84 vs. 43.13 ± 20.98 ms, p = 0.002) and of high-frequency (HF) power band (HF-HRV: 32.69 ± 12.01 vs. 42.39 ± 7.96 nu, p = 0.016), indicating an overall lower HRV in the MS group. Among individuals with MS, HF-HRV was significantly correlated with the severity of self-reported MS symptoms (r = -0.548, p = 0.010). Participants with MS also reported higher levels of distress compared to HC participants (18.32 ± 6.05 vs. 15.00 ± 4.61, p = 0.050), and HRV correlated with the severity of distress in MS participants (r = -0.569, p = 0.007). A significant mediation effect was also observed, with emotional distress fully mediating the association between HRV and symptom burden.

Conclusions

These findings suggest the potential for ANS dysfunction, as measured by HRV (i.e., lower value of HF power), to be utilized as an objective marker of symptom burden in people living with MS. Moreover, it is apparent that the relationship between HRV and symptom burden is mediated by emotional distress.