Geometric effects of fragmentation are likely to mitigate diversity loss following habitat destruction in real-world landscapes

IF 6.3 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY
Colleen Smith, Juan A. Bonachela, Dylan T. Simpson, Natalie J. Lemanski, Rachael Winfree
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Aim

Habitat conversion is the number one threat to biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity due to habitat loss might be exacerbated if species are harmed by fragmentation per se—the breaking apart of natural habitat that remains (hereafter fragmentation). However, the evidence that species are harmed by habitat fragmentation is mixed. Studies at the patch scale tend to show that fragmentation reduces diversity due to negative demographic effects on species' dispersal, survival and fecundity. In contrast, studies at the landscape scale tend to show that fragmentation increases diversity. This discrepancy may be partly due to geometric effects, defined as greater species turnover between patches in more fragmented landscapes. Although these effects have been demonstrated theoretically and are expected to be stronger across larger spatial extents, it is unclear whether they are likely to occur in real-world settings with both realistic landscape patterns and communities. Here, we investigated the possibility of geometric effects using simulations combined with real-world landscape and community data.

Location

New Jersey, northeastern USA.

Time period

Current.

Taxa studied

Bees.

Methods

We focused on landscape sizes within the typical range for protected areas (36–576 ha), simulated forest loss using real landscape patterns, and simulated forest-bee communities based on field data we collected.

Results

We found weak but positive effects of fragmentation: immediately following forest destruction, the most fragmented forests harboured up to 7.3% more species than the least fragmented forests of the same area, in agreement with observational studies of biodiversity along fragmentation gradients. In contrast to expectations, however, the overall effects of fragmentation did not change with spatial extent.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that fragmentation can mitigate biodiversity loss immediately following habitat destruction, but that the benefits do not vary strongly with spatial extent in real-world landscapes and at extents relevant to land management.

Abstract Image

在现实世界的景观中,破碎化的几何效应很可能会减轻栖息地被破坏后的多样性损失
生境转换是生物多样性面临的头号威胁。如果物种因生境破碎化(以下简称 "破碎化")而受到伤害,那么生境丧失造成的生物多样性损失可能会加剧。然而,物种受到栖息地破碎化危害的证据不一。斑块尺度的研究往往表明,破碎化对物种的扩散、存活和繁殖产生了负面的人口影响,从而降低了多样性。与此相反,景观尺度的研究往往表明,破碎化会增加多样性。造成这种差异的部分原因可能是几何效应,即在破碎化程度较高的景观中,斑块之间的物种更替率更高。虽然这些效应已在理论上得到证实,而且预计在更大的空间范围内会更强,但目前还不清楚这些效应是否可能在现实世界中的景观模式和群落中发生。在这里,我们通过模拟结合现实世界的景观和群落数据来研究几何效应的可能性。
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来源期刊
Global Ecology and Biogeography
Global Ecology and Biogeography 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
12.10
自引率
3.10%
发文量
170
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Global Ecology and Biogeography (GEB) welcomes papers that investigate broad-scale (in space, time and/or taxonomy), general patterns in the organization of ecological systems and assemblages, and the processes that underlie them. In particular, GEB welcomes studies that use macroecological methods, comparative analyses, meta-analyses, reviews, spatial analyses and modelling to arrive at general, conceptual conclusions. Studies in GEB need not be global in spatial extent, but the conclusions and implications of the study must be relevant to ecologists and biogeographers globally, rather than being limited to local areas, or specific taxa. Similarly, GEB is not limited to spatial studies; we are equally interested in the general patterns of nature through time, among taxa (e.g., body sizes, dispersal abilities), through the course of evolution, etc. Further, GEB welcomes papers that investigate general impacts of human activities on ecological systems in accordance with the above criteria.
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