Dental Traumatology research and education—Foundations for a better tomorrow

IF 2.3 3区 医学 Q2 DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE
Lea Budak, Liran Levin
{"title":"Dental Traumatology research and education—Foundations for a better tomorrow","authors":"Lea Budak,&nbsp;Liran Levin","doi":"10.1111/edt.12943","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>\n \n </p><p>\n \n </p><p>An avulsed permanent tooth is a serious traumatic dental injury (TDI), which should be dealt with immediately.<span><sup>1, 2</sup></span> The prognosis is very much dependent on decisions at the place of the accident and the time immediately after the avulsion has taken place.<span><sup>2</sup></span> The preferred treatment for an avulsed permanent tooth is replanting the avulsed tooth back into its socket, which should be carried out as soon as possible to have the best outcome.<span><sup>2, 3</sup></span> If the tooth cannot be replanted immediately, it must be stored.<span><sup>3, 4</sup></span> According to the guidelines of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT), saline, saliva, and milk are considered physiological media that preserve the periodontal ligament before replantation.<span><sup>5</sup></span> In this Issue, Gul et al. performed a long-term clinical assessment of the risks of ankylosis-related resorption in different storage conditions.<span><sup>6</sup></span> Avulsed teeth were divided into three groups: immediately replanted teeth, teeth stored in physiologic media, and the control group dry stored teeth. The storage media used in the physiological storage group in this study were saliva and saline. The storage conditions are of great importance and impact the prognosis of the avulsed teeth.</p><p>Basketball is a contact sport with risks of oral injuries, defined as injuries to the teeth, periodontium, and surrounding soft tissues such as the lips and tongue.<span><sup>7, 8</sup></span> Common basketball-related oral injuries include soft tissue lacerations and contusions.<span><sup>8</sup></span> Given a high-enough impact force, traumatic dental injuries such as tooth fractures and avulsions can occur.<span><sup>7, 8</sup></span> In this Issue, Liang et al. investigated the distribution of different oral injuries within each injury mechanism and evaluated which mechanisms were most likely to lead to a dental injury.<span><sup>9</sup></span> Understanding the mechanisms of dental injuries in basketball and other sports is imperative for medical teams to acutely manage and treat these injuries. Furthermore, information regarding the mechanisms leading to severe dental injuries will help basketball staff educate athletes on prevention and safer playing techniques.</p><p>TDIs occur frequently and at any age, although the peak incidence is during childhood.<span><sup>10, 11</sup></span> It is known that the quality of immediate emergency treatment positively influences the outcome of any TDI.<span><sup>11, 12</sup></span> It is reasonable to expect that a dental practitioner would have the knowledge and skills to manage a dental emergency with the same confidence as a medical emergency as a result of basic education during their professional training.<span><sup>12, 13</sup></span> In this Issue, O'Connell and Olegário investigated teaching practices in Dental Traumatology around the world in Undergraduate education.<span><sup>14</sup></span> A total of 203 responses from 164 institutions from 69 different countries were obtained. This paper highlights that dental trauma education varies internationally and is delivered in a fragmented fashion in most dental schools.</p><p>TDIs represent a significant public health concern, and their prevalence among children is remarkably high.<span><sup>10</sup></span> The school environment represents a frequent setting for these incidents.<span><sup>8, 15</sup></span> Teachers play a crucial role, in as much as optimal long-term prognosis depends on prompt implementation of appropriate immediate actions, along with swift access to treatment, and diligent post-trauma follow-up.<span><sup>11, 15</sup></span> In this Issue, de Medeiros et al. created and validated an educational comic book for lay individuals, designed to guide immediate actions in dental trauma cases and assess its effects toward enhancing reader knowledge.<span><sup>16</sup></span> The lack of appropriate knowledge needed to manage dental trauma situations undermines the quality of life of individuals who have experienced trauma, diminishes the potential for effective treatment, and lowers the chances for successful outcomes.<span><sup>17</sup></span> Evaluating the readability of educational material is important in averting the learning constraints stemming from limited educational backgrounds.</p><p>TDIs are a public health problem given their prevalence with physical, psychological, and social consequences on those affected.<span><sup>18</sup></span> A questionnaire is a commonly used data collection method, and its validation is a crucial part of the research, as it is important to verify the psychometric properties of the designed questionnaire.<span><sup>19, 20</sup></span> In this Issue, Magno et al. aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire (TDI-Q) to assess the knowledge of laypeople about TDIs, including participants from five regions of Brazil.<span><sup>21</sup></span> Identifying the level of laypeople's knowledge of TDIs is essential to the planning of prevention strategies, through the correct and focused dissemination of knowledge. Using validated tools is necessary to avoid any error or inability of the researcher when collecting the data, as well as to avoid confusing and incomplete information.</p><p>Tooth avulsion requires instant dental treatment, and immediate replantation for a positive prognosis.<span><sup>22</sup></span> As immediate replantation is not always a feasible option, delayed replantation is, at times, the more realistic and practical treatment choice.<span><sup>3</sup></span> The predominant reaction to any type of dental injury is an acute inflammation and stimulating the termination of inflammatory response will lead to healing.<span><sup>23, 24</sup></span> In this Issue, Herr et al. evaluated the effect of Frondoside A application in the alveolar socket on inflammatory responses after delayed replantation in rat teeth.<span><sup>25</sup></span> Root surface treatment materials could be beneficial for encouraging anti-inflammatory responses following tooth avulsion and further research in this area is warranted.</p><p>Maxillofacial trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality.<span><sup>26</sup></span> The epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma varies due to socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors.<span><sup>27</sup></span> In this Issue, Gugliotta et al. analyzed the epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma over more than two decades to evaluate whether there have been significant changes in the causes of fractures in pediatric, adult, and elderly populations in a tertiary care hospital in Italy.<span><sup>28</sup></span> It is essential to collect long-term epidemiological data on maxillofacial injuries to enable national governments not only to assess the evolving patterns of trauma etiology and associated costs but also to develop preventive measures for the causes that most commonly lead to facial fractures.</p><p>TDIs are generally encountered in the early period of life and constitute 5% of all injuries.<span><sup>29</sup></span> Dental trauma occurs in 25% of school-age children and 33% of young adults, mostly before the age of 19 years.<span><sup>29-31</sup></span> Early intervention and correct treatment approaches are essential for a traumatized tooth to have a good prognosis.<span><sup>32</sup></span> The IADT introduced the ToothSOS application in 2018 to disseminate information on first aid in the event of any dental trauma.<span><sup>33</sup></span> This free App aims to ensure public information for individuals and dental professionals regarding TDIs and is reported to be a preferable alternative to other documents and tools for being an easily accessible and apparent tool.<span><sup>32</sup></span> In this Issue, Sari et al. assessed the knowledge level of pediatricians regarding TDIs and their awareness of the ToothSOS mobile application.<span><sup>34</sup></span> ToothSOS can be recommended as an educational tool for both professionals and individuals.</p><p>Different types of dental and orofacial injuries are encountered during sports practice.<span><sup>35</sup></span> Mouthguards are used to prevent dental trauma and orofacial injuries in sports.<span><sup>8</sup></span> Different materials have been tested to fabricate mouthguards, but the one that presented more adequate mechanical properties was ethylene-vinyl acetate.<span><sup>36</sup></span> In this Issue, Costa et al. evaluated the influence of ethylene-vinyl acetate aging by thermocycling on elastic modulus, stress, strain, and shock absorption ability of different ethylene-vinyl acetate brands used for mouthguards.<span><sup>37</sup></span> Thirty specimens of four different brands were randomly divided into two groups: without thermocycling and with thermocycling. The effectiveness of mouthguards was tested by performing a uniaxial tensile test and non-linear dynamic impact analysis. The thermocycling process is a well-established research method for aging protocols and is very useful in dental material science.</p><p>Assaults, falls, and motor vehicle accidents are the leading causes of maxillofacial injuries.<span><sup>38, 39</sup></span> The specific type of facial fracture can be influenced by various factors including vehicle type, road conditions, and safety equipment.<span><sup>40, 41</sup></span> In this Issue, Yari et al. assessed the incidence and pattern of maxillofacial fractures and related demographic data in the victims of rollover crashes.<span><sup>42</sup></span> Given the high morbidity associated with these injuries, understanding their distribution and patterns is important for prevention efforts. Such data aids in the development of innovative strategies to reduce the incidence of maxillofacial trauma and provide appropriate care by assessing the at-risk population and identifying contributing factors to trauma.</p><p>Tooth autotransplantation is a successful alternative to dental implants for tooth replacement due to dental caries or trauma, with success rates of over 95% in children and adolescents, and 80% in adults.<span><sup>43-46</sup></span> 3D-printed replicas reduce trauma, extraoral exposure, and potentially preserve cell viability, and can help minimize damage to the donor's tooth during extraction and reduce the number of fitting attempts required, thus preserving the integrity of the periodontal ligament.<span><sup>47</sup></span> In this Issue, Lejnieks et al. presented a protocol that combines cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), software, and 3D printing to design 3D replicas for tooth autotransplantation.<span><sup>48</sup></span> Integrating CBCT, software, and 3D printing into autotransplantation is a promising approach to reduce the extra-oral time of the donor tooth and potentially increase the success rates.</p><p>The IADT published the updated version of its guidelines in 2020.<span><sup>29</sup></span> The guidelines were prepared by the guideline committee of the IADT which comprised of global experts from several specialties.<span><sup>18, 29</sup></span> Citation analysis is a method of gauging the frequency and pattern of citation of a particular document.<span><sup>49</sup></span> In this Issue, Ravi et al. assessed the impact, global scientific reach, and utilization of the IADT guidelines through altimetric and citation analysis.<span><sup>50</sup></span> The number of citations an article receives reflects the dissemination and impact of the work in the scientific community.</p>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/edt.12943","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Dental Traumatology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/edt.12943","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

An avulsed permanent tooth is a serious traumatic dental injury (TDI), which should be dealt with immediately.1, 2 The prognosis is very much dependent on decisions at the place of the accident and the time immediately after the avulsion has taken place.2 The preferred treatment for an avulsed permanent tooth is replanting the avulsed tooth back into its socket, which should be carried out as soon as possible to have the best outcome.2, 3 If the tooth cannot be replanted immediately, it must be stored.3, 4 According to the guidelines of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT), saline, saliva, and milk are considered physiological media that preserve the periodontal ligament before replantation.5 In this Issue, Gul et al. performed a long-term clinical assessment of the risks of ankylosis-related resorption in different storage conditions.6 Avulsed teeth were divided into three groups: immediately replanted teeth, teeth stored in physiologic media, and the control group dry stored teeth. The storage media used in the physiological storage group in this study were saliva and saline. The storage conditions are of great importance and impact the prognosis of the avulsed teeth.

Basketball is a contact sport with risks of oral injuries, defined as injuries to the teeth, periodontium, and surrounding soft tissues such as the lips and tongue.7, 8 Common basketball-related oral injuries include soft tissue lacerations and contusions.8 Given a high-enough impact force, traumatic dental injuries such as tooth fractures and avulsions can occur.7, 8 In this Issue, Liang et al. investigated the distribution of different oral injuries within each injury mechanism and evaluated which mechanisms were most likely to lead to a dental injury.9 Understanding the mechanisms of dental injuries in basketball and other sports is imperative for medical teams to acutely manage and treat these injuries. Furthermore, information regarding the mechanisms leading to severe dental injuries will help basketball staff educate athletes on prevention and safer playing techniques.

TDIs occur frequently and at any age, although the peak incidence is during childhood.10, 11 It is known that the quality of immediate emergency treatment positively influences the outcome of any TDI.11, 12 It is reasonable to expect that a dental practitioner would have the knowledge and skills to manage a dental emergency with the same confidence as a medical emergency as a result of basic education during their professional training.12, 13 In this Issue, O'Connell and Olegário investigated teaching practices in Dental Traumatology around the world in Undergraduate education.14 A total of 203 responses from 164 institutions from 69 different countries were obtained. This paper highlights that dental trauma education varies internationally and is delivered in a fragmented fashion in most dental schools.

TDIs represent a significant public health concern, and their prevalence among children is remarkably high.10 The school environment represents a frequent setting for these incidents.8, 15 Teachers play a crucial role, in as much as optimal long-term prognosis depends on prompt implementation of appropriate immediate actions, along with swift access to treatment, and diligent post-trauma follow-up.11, 15 In this Issue, de Medeiros et al. created and validated an educational comic book for lay individuals, designed to guide immediate actions in dental trauma cases and assess its effects toward enhancing reader knowledge.16 The lack of appropriate knowledge needed to manage dental trauma situations undermines the quality of life of individuals who have experienced trauma, diminishes the potential for effective treatment, and lowers the chances for successful outcomes.17 Evaluating the readability of educational material is important in averting the learning constraints stemming from limited educational backgrounds.

TDIs are a public health problem given their prevalence with physical, psychological, and social consequences on those affected.18 A questionnaire is a commonly used data collection method, and its validation is a crucial part of the research, as it is important to verify the psychometric properties of the designed questionnaire.19, 20 In this Issue, Magno et al. aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire (TDI-Q) to assess the knowledge of laypeople about TDIs, including participants from five regions of Brazil.21 Identifying the level of laypeople's knowledge of TDIs is essential to the planning of prevention strategies, through the correct and focused dissemination of knowledge. Using validated tools is necessary to avoid any error or inability of the researcher when collecting the data, as well as to avoid confusing and incomplete information.

Tooth avulsion requires instant dental treatment, and immediate replantation for a positive prognosis.22 As immediate replantation is not always a feasible option, delayed replantation is, at times, the more realistic and practical treatment choice.3 The predominant reaction to any type of dental injury is an acute inflammation and stimulating the termination of inflammatory response will lead to healing.23, 24 In this Issue, Herr et al. evaluated the effect of Frondoside A application in the alveolar socket on inflammatory responses after delayed replantation in rat teeth.25 Root surface treatment materials could be beneficial for encouraging anti-inflammatory responses following tooth avulsion and further research in this area is warranted.

Maxillofacial trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality.26 The epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma varies due to socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors.27 In this Issue, Gugliotta et al. analyzed the epidemiology of maxillofacial trauma over more than two decades to evaluate whether there have been significant changes in the causes of fractures in pediatric, adult, and elderly populations in a tertiary care hospital in Italy.28 It is essential to collect long-term epidemiological data on maxillofacial injuries to enable national governments not only to assess the evolving patterns of trauma etiology and associated costs but also to develop preventive measures for the causes that most commonly lead to facial fractures.

TDIs are generally encountered in the early period of life and constitute 5% of all injuries.29 Dental trauma occurs in 25% of school-age children and 33% of young adults, mostly before the age of 19 years.29-31 Early intervention and correct treatment approaches are essential for a traumatized tooth to have a good prognosis.32 The IADT introduced the ToothSOS application in 2018 to disseminate information on first aid in the event of any dental trauma.33 This free App aims to ensure public information for individuals and dental professionals regarding TDIs and is reported to be a preferable alternative to other documents and tools for being an easily accessible and apparent tool.32 In this Issue, Sari et al. assessed the knowledge level of pediatricians regarding TDIs and their awareness of the ToothSOS mobile application.34 ToothSOS can be recommended as an educational tool for both professionals and individuals.

Different types of dental and orofacial injuries are encountered during sports practice.35 Mouthguards are used to prevent dental trauma and orofacial injuries in sports.8 Different materials have been tested to fabricate mouthguards, but the one that presented more adequate mechanical properties was ethylene-vinyl acetate.36 In this Issue, Costa et al. evaluated the influence of ethylene-vinyl acetate aging by thermocycling on elastic modulus, stress, strain, and shock absorption ability of different ethylene-vinyl acetate brands used for mouthguards.37 Thirty specimens of four different brands were randomly divided into two groups: without thermocycling and with thermocycling. The effectiveness of mouthguards was tested by performing a uniaxial tensile test and non-linear dynamic impact analysis. The thermocycling process is a well-established research method for aging protocols and is very useful in dental material science.

Assaults, falls, and motor vehicle accidents are the leading causes of maxillofacial injuries.38, 39 The specific type of facial fracture can be influenced by various factors including vehicle type, road conditions, and safety equipment.40, 41 In this Issue, Yari et al. assessed the incidence and pattern of maxillofacial fractures and related demographic data in the victims of rollover crashes.42 Given the high morbidity associated with these injuries, understanding their distribution and patterns is important for prevention efforts. Such data aids in the development of innovative strategies to reduce the incidence of maxillofacial trauma and provide appropriate care by assessing the at-risk population and identifying contributing factors to trauma.

Tooth autotransplantation is a successful alternative to dental implants for tooth replacement due to dental caries or trauma, with success rates of over 95% in children and adolescents, and 80% in adults.43-46 3D-printed replicas reduce trauma, extraoral exposure, and potentially preserve cell viability, and can help minimize damage to the donor's tooth during extraction and reduce the number of fitting attempts required, thus preserving the integrity of the periodontal ligament.47 In this Issue, Lejnieks et al. presented a protocol that combines cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), software, and 3D printing to design 3D replicas for tooth autotransplantation.48 Integrating CBCT, software, and 3D printing into autotransplantation is a promising approach to reduce the extra-oral time of the donor tooth and potentially increase the success rates.

The IADT published the updated version of its guidelines in 2020.29 The guidelines were prepared by the guideline committee of the IADT which comprised of global experts from several specialties.18, 29 Citation analysis is a method of gauging the frequency and pattern of citation of a particular document.49 In this Issue, Ravi et al. assessed the impact, global scientific reach, and utilization of the IADT guidelines through altimetric and citation analysis.50 The number of citations an article receives reflects the dissemination and impact of the work in the scientific community.

牙科创伤研究与教育--为更美好的明天奠定基础。
恒牙脱落是一种严重的牙科外伤(TDI),应立即处理。1, 2 预后在很大程度上取决于事故发生地的决定和脱落发生后的时间。2 恒牙脱落的首选治疗方法是将脱落的牙齿重新植回牙槽窝,应尽快进行以获得最佳效果、4 根据国际牙科创伤学会(IADT)的指南,生理盐水、唾液和牛奶被认为是在重新镶牙前能保护牙周韧带的生理介质。5 在本期中,Gul 等人对不同储存条件下与强直相关的牙齿吸收风险进行了长期临床评估。本研究中生理储存组使用的储存介质是唾液和生理盐水。篮球是一项有口腔损伤风险的接触性运动,口腔损伤是指牙齿、牙周和周围软组织(如嘴唇和舌头)的损伤。7, 8 与篮球有关的常见口腔损伤包括软组织撕裂伤和挫伤。在本期中,Liang 等人研究了不同口腔损伤在每种损伤机制中的分布情况,并评估了哪种机制最有可能导致牙科损伤。此外,有关导致严重牙科损伤的机制的信息将有助于篮球工作人员教育运动员如何预防和使用更安全的比赛技术。TDI 频繁发生在任何年龄段,尽管发病高峰期是在儿童时期、12 我们有理由期望,牙科医生在接受专业培训期间,通过基础教育,能够掌握处理牙科急症的知识和技能,就像处理医疗急症一样自信。这篇论文强调了牙科创伤教育在国际上存在差异,并且在大多数牙科学校中都是以零散的方式进行的。创伤性直接外伤是一个重大的公共卫生问题,其在儿童中的发病率非常高、15 在本期中,de Medeiros 等人制作并验证了一本面向非专业人士的教育漫画书,旨在指导牙科创伤病例中的即时行动,并评估其对提高读者知识水平的效果。16 缺乏处理牙科创伤情况所需的适当知识会损害经历创伤者的生活质量,削弱有效治疗的潜力,并降低成功治疗的机会。18 问卷调查是一种常用的数据收集方法,其验证是研究的重要部分,因为验证所设计问卷的心理测量特性非常重要、20 在本课题中,Magno 等人旨在开发并验证一份问卷(TDI-Q),以评估非专业人士对 TDIs 的了解程度,其中包括来自巴西五个地区的参与者21 。有必要使用经过验证的工具,以避免研究人员在收集数据时出现任何错误或能力不足,并避免信息混乱和不完整。 22 由于即刻再植并不总是可行的选择,延迟再植有时是更现实和实用的治疗选择。3 任何类型的牙齿损伤的主要反应是急性炎症,刺激炎症反应的终止将导致愈合、24 在本期中,Herr 等人评估了在大鼠牙齿延迟再植后在牙槽窝应用氟啶脲 A 对炎症反应的影响。颌面部创伤的流行病学因社会经济、人口和环境因素而异。27 在本期中,Gugliotta 等人分析了二十多年来颌面部创伤的流行病学,以评估意大利一家三级医院的儿童、成人和老年人群骨折原因是否发生了重大变化。收集有关颌面部创伤的长期流行病学数据至关重要,这不仅能使各国政府评估创伤病因和相关费用的演变模式,还能针对最常导致面部骨折的原因制定预防措施。牙外伤发生在25%的学龄儿童和33%的青壮年身上,大多发生在19岁之前。32 国际牙科协会于2018年推出了ToothSOS应用程序,以传播任何牙外伤情况下的急救信息。这一免费应用程序旨在确保向个人和牙科专业人员提供有关牙外伤的公共信息,据报道,它是其他文件和工具的首选,因为它是一种易于获取且显而易见的工具。32 在本期中,Sari 等人评估了儿科医生对牙外伤的知识水平以及他们对 ToothSOS 移动应用程序的认识。ToothSOS 可被推荐为专业人士和个人的教育工具。35 护齿器可用于预防运动中的牙齿创伤和口面部损伤。在本期中,Costa 等人评估了通过热循环使乙烯-醋酸乙烯老化对用于护齿的不同乙烯-醋酸乙烯品牌的弹性模量、应力、应变和冲击吸收能力的影响37。通过单轴拉伸试验和非线性动态冲击分析,对护齿器的有效性进行了测试。热循环过程是一种成熟的老化协议研究方法,在牙科材料科学中非常有用。袭击、跌倒和机动车事故是颌面部受伤的主要原因、41 在本期中,Yari 等人评估了翻车事故受害者颌面部骨折的发生率和模式以及相关的人口统计学数据。这些数据有助于制定创新战略,以减少颌面部创伤的发生率,并通过评估高危人群和确定造成创伤的因素来提供适当的护理。牙齿自体移植是龋齿或创伤导致的牙齿替换的成功替代种植牙的方法,在儿童和青少年中的成功率超过 95%,在成年人中超过 80%。三维打印复制品可减少创伤和口外暴露,并有可能保持细胞活力,有助于最大限度地减少拔牙过程中对捐献者牙齿的损伤,减少所需的试戴次数,从而保护牙周韧带的完整性。在本期中,Lejnieks 等人介绍了一种结合锥束计算机断层扫描 (CBCT)、软件和三维打印技术的方案,用于设计牙齿自动移植的三维复制品。48 将 CBCT、软件和三维打印技术整合到自动移植中是一种很有前景的方法,可以减少供体牙齿的口外暴露时间,并有可能提高成功率。
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来源期刊
Dental Traumatology
Dental Traumatology 医学-牙科与口腔外科
CiteScore
6.40
自引率
32.00%
发文量
85
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Dental Traumatology is an international journal that aims to convey scientific and clinical progress in all areas related to adult and pediatric dental traumatology. This includes the following topics: - Epidemiology, Social Aspects, Education, Diagnostics - Esthetics / Prosthetics/ Restorative - Evidence Based Traumatology & Study Design - Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery/Transplant/Implant - Pediatrics and Orthodontics - Prevention and Sports Dentistry - Endodontics and Periodontal Aspects The journal"s aim is to promote communication among clinicians, educators, researchers, and others interested in the field of dental traumatology.
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