Novel pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazolopyrimidines as promising anticancer agents: Design, synthesis, and cell cycle arrest of HepG2 cells at S phase

Abstract

The poor selectivity, significant toxicity, high cost, and emergence of resistance of conventional chemotherapies are driving motive for the ongoing search for novel anticancer agents. New pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazolopyrimidines were synthesized and examined as antiproliferative agents, and the possible molecular mechanism(s) of action were explored. The mass and elemental analyses, alongside the IR,¹H, and ¹³C NMR spectra, confirmed the proposed structures of the obtained compounds. Derivatives 4 and 7 demonstrated the best antiproliferative profile against HepG2 cancer cells at 4 µM, with a high selectivity index of ∼7–9 folds. They increased the S phase cell population by 51% and 40% and caused a 5- and 11-fold increase in the p21 protein. Compound 7 was superior in inhibiting HepG2 cell migration and delayed wound healing, reducing migration rates by 55% and 90%, respectively. Future studies on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, antimetastatic, and antitumor activities in animal models would be a robust advance.