An autopsy case of cerebral hemorrhage in an HIV-infected patient with suspected HIV-associated cerebrovascular disease

Abstract

A male in his late 30s was found dead in his home. He was diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) about six years prior. The HIV infection was well controlled before his death. He was 166 cm in height and 75 kg in weight. Aside from discoloration of the skin on the right lower patellar, there were no obvious injuries. His brain weighed 1456 g. A cut surface of the brain revealed left thalamic hemorrhage. Histologically, infiltration of phagocytic cells was observed in the bleeding site. Thalamic hemorrhage was considered to be his cause of death in this case. Due to the effects of anti-HIV therapy, the mortality rate from HIV infection has decreased and the causes of death of HIV-infected persons have changed. HIV-infected persons have been suggested to be associated with cerebrovascular disease, especially juvenile ischemic stroke. Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease. Possible mechanisms of cerebrovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals include coagulopathy, secondary effects of embolism and central nervous system infection, and direct vascular disease due to HIV. At the time of autopsy, his post-mortem interval was estimated to be approximately two weeks. Therefore, it was difficult to clarify histologically the cerebrovascular disorder that caused his cerebral hemorrhage. In recent years, anti-HIV therapy has reduced the number of AIDS-related deaths, but deaths in HIV-infected people from cardiovascular disease are increasing. This case is considered to be a valuable forensic autopsy case of an HIV-infected patient who actually died due to cerebral hemorrhage in Japan.