Demographics, distance to gastrointestinal specialists, and social deprivation are associated with advanced stage of gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis.

Abstract

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) luminal cancers can be detected at early stages by endoscopic procedures. Place-based factors, such as social deprivation and distance to specialist care, are under-investigated with regard to the stage of diagnosis.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study among persons ≥18 years of age in the Florida Cancer Data System, a population-based cancer incidence registry. We included persons diagnosed with esophageal cancer, gastric canceror colorectal cancer, with at least 1 measure of geographic location during the period January 1, 1981, to December 31, 2016. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the stage of diagnosis, including social deprivation and proximity to GI care.

Results: Among 379,054 persons, the median age was 71 years, and 54% were male. Distant stage disease was significantly less likely than local stage in those of non-Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (odds ratio [OR] 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89-0.94, P<0.001). Distant disease was more likely in African Americans (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.26-1.34) and Asians (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.27-1.56, P<0.001), with each 5-min increase in travel time to specialists, (OR 1.02, 95%CI 1.01-1.02, P<0.001), and with each 10-point increase in Social Deprivation Index (OR 1.01, 95%CI 1.01-1.02, P<0.001).

Conclusions: A greater distance from care and living in areas with increased deprivation are associated with an advanced stage of diagnosis and should be recipients of policy-driven efforts to improve access to care. That the strongest risk factors include minority race and ethnicity underlines the complexity of healthcare disparities.