Maryam Mahjoubian, Akram Sadat Naeemi, Mehdi Sheykhan
{"title":"Comparative Toxicity of TiO<sub>2</sub> and Sn-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles in Zebrafish After Acute and Chronic Exposure.","authors":"Maryam Mahjoubian, Akram Sadat Naeemi, Mehdi Sheykhan","doi":"10.1007/s12011-024-04127-2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted to assess the toxicological potential of synthesized pure and Sn-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (Sn-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs) in zebrafish after acute and chronic exposure. The pure TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs, 4%, and 8% Sn-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, diffuse reflectance spectra, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analyses. The pure TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs, 4%, and 8% Sn-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs were spherical with average sizes of about 40, 28, and 21 nm, respectively, indicating significant size reduction of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs following Sn doping. According to our results, the LC<sub>50-96h</sub> increased in the order of 8% Sn-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (45 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) < 4% Sn-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (80.14 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) < pure TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs (105.47 mg L<sup>-1</sup>), respectively. Exposure of fish to Sn-TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs after 30 days resulted in more severe histopathological alterations in gills, liver, intestine, and kidneys than pure TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs. Furthermore, Sn-doping significantly elevated malondialdehyde levels and micronuclei frequency, indicating increased oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Expression analysis revealed altered expression of various genes, including upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax gene and downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene, suggesting potential induction of apoptosis in response to Sn-doped NPs. Additionally, antioxidant genes (Gpx, Sod, Cat, and Ucp-2) and stress response gene (Hsp70) showed altered expression, suggesting complex cellular responses to mitigate the toxic effects. Overall, this study highlights the concerning impact of Sn-doping on the toxicity of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs in zebrafish and emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate the exact mechanisms underlying this enhanced toxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8917,"journal":{"name":"Biological Trace Element Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biological Trace Element Research","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04127-2","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/3/12 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess the toxicological potential of synthesized pure and Sn-doped TiO2 NPs (Sn-TiO2 NPs) in zebrafish after acute and chronic exposure. The pure TiO2 NPs, 4%, and 8% Sn-TiO2 NPs were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, diffuse reflectance spectra, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analyses. The pure TiO2 NPs, 4%, and 8% Sn-TiO2 NPs were spherical with average sizes of about 40, 28, and 21 nm, respectively, indicating significant size reduction of TiO2 NPs following Sn doping. According to our results, the LC50-96h increased in the order of 8% Sn-TiO2 NPs (45 mg L-1) < 4% Sn-TiO2 NPs (80.14 mg L-1) < pure TiO2 NPs (105.47 mg L-1), respectively. Exposure of fish to Sn-TiO2 NPs after 30 days resulted in more severe histopathological alterations in gills, liver, intestine, and kidneys than pure TiO2 NPs. Furthermore, Sn-doping significantly elevated malondialdehyde levels and micronuclei frequency, indicating increased oxidative stress and genotoxicity. Expression analysis revealed altered expression of various genes, including upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax gene and downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene, suggesting potential induction of apoptosis in response to Sn-doped NPs. Additionally, antioxidant genes (Gpx, Sod, Cat, and Ucp-2) and stress response gene (Hsp70) showed altered expression, suggesting complex cellular responses to mitigate the toxic effects. Overall, this study highlights the concerning impact of Sn-doping on the toxicity of TiO2 NPs in zebrafish and emphasizes the need for further research to elucidate the exact mechanisms underlying this enhanced toxicity.
期刊介绍:
Biological Trace Element Research provides a much-needed central forum for the emergent, interdisciplinary field of research on the biological, environmental, and biomedical roles of trace elements. Rather than confine itself to biochemistry, the journal emphasizes the integrative aspects of trace metal research in all appropriate fields, publishing human and animal nutritional studies devoted to the fundamental chemistry and biochemistry at issue as well as to the elucidation of the relevant aspects of preventive medicine, epidemiology, clinical chemistry, agriculture, endocrinology, animal science, pharmacology, microbiology, toxicology, virology, marine biology, sensory physiology, developmental biology, and related fields.