Deep eutectic solvent–based pressurized liquid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of organophosphorus pesticide residues in egg powder prior to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis

Abstract

Herein, a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based miniaturized pressurized liquid extraction in combination with DES-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was developed for the extraction of organophosphorus pesticides (parathion–methyl, triazophos, parathion, diazinon, and phoxim) from egg powder samples prior to their analysis by a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. In this work, first, the analytes' extraction was done by a pressurized liquid phase extraction for effective extraction of the analytes from the solid matrix, and then they were concentrated on a DLLME for more concentration of the analytes to reach low limits of detections. The use of DESs was done in both steps to omit the use of toxic organic solvents. Satisfactory results including high extraction recoveries (74–90%), great repeatability (relative standard deviations equal or less than 4.3% and 5.3% for intra- and inter-day precisions), and low limits of detection (0.11–0.29 ng/g) and quantification (0.38–0.98 ng/g) were attained under the optimum conditions. Lastly, the suggested approach was utilized for the determination of the studied pesticides in various egg powder samples marketed in Tabriz, Iran.