{"title":"Which neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers method is better in theranostic of Alzheimer’s disease? An umbrella review","authors":"Hossein Mohammadi , Armin Ariaei , Zahra Ghobadi , Enam Alhagh Charkhat Gorgich , Auob Rustamzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.02.007","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biomarkers are measured to evaluate physiological and pathological processes as well as responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be classified as diagnostic, prognostic, predictor, clinical, and therapeutic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple biomarkers have been reported so far. Nevertheless, finding a specific biomarker in AD remains a major challenge. Three databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were selected with the keywords of Alzheimer’s disease, neuroimaging, biomarker, and blood. The results were finalized with 49 potential CSF/blood and 35 neuroimaging biomarkers. To distinguish normal from AD patients, amyloid-beta<sub>42</sub> (Aβ<sub>42</sub>), plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NFL) as potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as the serum could be detected. Nevertheless, most of the biomarkers fairly change in the CSF during AD, listed as kallikrein 6, virus-like particles (VLP-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), and synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1). From the neuroimaging aspect, atrophy is an accepted biomarker for the neuropathologic progression of AD. In addition, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), tractography (DTT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can be used to detect AD. Using neuroimaging and CSF/blood biomarkers, in combination with artificial intelligence, it is possible to obtain information on prognosis and follow-up on the different stages of AD. Hence physicians could select the suitable therapy to attenuate disease symptoms and follow up on the efficiency of the prescribed drug.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":13195,"journal":{"name":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667242124000228/pdfft?md5=71b758436ecaad81e40c320afc91c610&pid=1-s2.0-S2667242124000228-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IBRO Neuroscience Reports","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667242124000228","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"NEUROSCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Biomarkers are measured to evaluate physiological and pathological processes as well as responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be classified as diagnostic, prognostic, predictor, clinical, and therapeutic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple biomarkers have been reported so far. Nevertheless, finding a specific biomarker in AD remains a major challenge. Three databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were selected with the keywords of Alzheimer’s disease, neuroimaging, biomarker, and blood. The results were finalized with 49 potential CSF/blood and 35 neuroimaging biomarkers. To distinguish normal from AD patients, amyloid-beta42 (Aβ42), plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light (NFL) as potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as the serum could be detected. Nevertheless, most of the biomarkers fairly change in the CSF during AD, listed as kallikrein 6, virus-like particles (VLP-1), galectin-3 (Gal-3), and synaptotagmin-1 (Syt-1). From the neuroimaging aspect, atrophy is an accepted biomarker for the neuropathologic progression of AD. In addition, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), tractography (DTT), positron emission tomography (PET), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), can be used to detect AD. Using neuroimaging and CSF/blood biomarkers, in combination with artificial intelligence, it is possible to obtain information on prognosis and follow-up on the different stages of AD. Hence physicians could select the suitable therapy to attenuate disease symptoms and follow up on the efficiency of the prescribed drug.
测量生物标志物是为了评估生理和病理过程以及对治疗干预的反应。生物标志物可分为诊断性、预后性、预测性、临床性和治疗性生物标志物。在阿尔茨海默病(AD)中,迄今已报道了多种生物标志物。然而,寻找阿尔茨海默病的特异性生物标志物仍是一项重大挑战。我们以阿尔茨海默病、神经影像学、生物标记物和血液为关键词,选择了三个数据库,包括 PubMed、Web of Science 和 Scopus。最终确定了 49 种潜在的脑脊液/血液生物标记物和 35 种神经影像生物标记物。为了区分正常人和阿尔茨海默病患者,淀粉样β42(Aβ42)、血浆胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)和神经丝光(NFL)是脑脊液(CSF)和血清中的潜在生物标记物。然而,大多数生物标志物在 AD 期间的脑脊液中发生了相当大的变化,如凯利克瑞因 6(kallikrein 6)、病毒样颗粒(VLP-1)、galectin-3(Gal-3)和突触标记蛋白-1(Syt-1)。从神经影像学方面来看,萎缩是公认的反映 AD 神经病理学进展的生物标志物。此外,磁共振波谱(MRS)、弥散加权成像(DWI)、弥散张量成像(DTI)、牵引成像(DTT)、正电子发射断层扫描(PET)和功能磁共振成像(fMRI)也可用于检测 AD。利用神经影像学和脑脊液/血液生物标记物,并结合人工智能,可以获得有关 AD 不同阶段的预后和随访信息。因此,医生可以选择合适的疗法来减轻疾病症状,并跟踪处方药的疗效。