Analytical noncovalent electrochemistry for battery engineering

Chang-Xin Zhao, Xi-Yao Li, Han Han, Yuanning Feng, Chun Tang, Xuesong Li, Long Zhang, Charlotte L. Stern, Qiang Zhang, J. Fraser Stoddart
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Abstract

Despite the fact that noncovalent bonding interactions are ubiquitous, it is primarily those interactions, which are amenable to spectroscopic analysis, that have been well investigated and applied in chemical engineering. New principles and techniques for characterizing noncovalent interactions are required to gain insight into their detailed nature and explore their potential applications. Here we introduce the practice of analytical noncovalent electrochemistry for probing such interactions. The strengths of noncovalent interactions can be determined more accurately by electrochemical means than by relying on spectroscopic measurements. Specifically, electrochemical analyses are capable of recording/identifying minor signals, leading to the discovery of an unexpected 2:1 host–guest complex. Moreover, the proposed technique is capable of probing multiple properties and facilitates the design and screening of active complexes as catalysts. We also demonstrate achieving a high energy density of 495 Wh kg−1 in rechargeable batteries. The analytical procedure provides a fresh perspective for supramolecular science and takes noncovalent chemistry closer to practical applications. Quantifying the strength of noncovalent interactions in supramolecular host–guest systems is key to guiding molecular design for a desired application. Now, a quantitative relationship between noncovalent interactions and electrochemistry is established that provides a new dimension for investigations into noncovalent interactions and enables the control of electrochemical properties in battery engineering.

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电池工程中的非共价分析电化学
尽管非共价键相互作用无处不在,但在化学工程中得到充分研究和应用的主要是那些适合光谱分析的相互作用。要深入了解非共价相互作用的详细性质并探索其潜在应用,就必须采用新的原理和技术来表征非共价相互作用。在此,我们将介绍用于探测此类相互作用的分析性非共价电化学实践。非共价相互作用的强度可以通过电化学方法比依靠光谱测量更准确地确定。具体来说,电化学分析能够记录/识别微小信号,从而发现意想不到的 2:1 主-客复合物。此外,所提出的技术还能探测多种特性,有助于设计和筛选作为催化剂的活性复合物。我们还展示了在可充电电池中实现 495 Wh kg-1 的高能量密度。该分析程序为超分子科学提供了一个全新的视角,使非共价化学更接近实际应用。量化超分子主客体系统中的非共价相互作用强度,是指导分子设计实现理想应用的关键。现在,非共价相互作用与电化学之间的定量关系已经建立,为非共价相互作用的研究提供了一个新的维度,并使电池工程中的电化学特性控制成为可能。
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