A 30 YEAR (1991-2020) RETROSPECTIVE MORTALITY REVIEW OF GIRAFFIDS (GIRAFFA SPP. AND OKAPIA JOHNSTONI) IN MANAGED CARE.

IF 0.7 4区农林科学 Q3 VETERINARY SCIENCES

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI:10.1638/2023-0091

Rachael Figueroa, Liza Dadone, Taylor Locklear, Matthew Johnston

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Abstract

Identifying common causes of mortality in zoo giraffe (Giraffa spp.) and okapi (Okapia johnstoni) provides an opportunity to help improve welfare and population management for these endangered species. Mortality reports from 1,024 giraffe and 95 okapi in zoos were compiled from the Species 360 Zoological Information Management Software (ZIMS) utilizing the Morbidity & Mortality Analysis tool. Thirty years of mortality reports (1991-2020) were evaluated to help identify trends and evaluate the impacts, if any, of changes over time in husbandry and management practices. The most common causes of death for giraffe from 1991 to 2015 were neonatal issues (234/845, 27.7%), trauma (213/845, 25.2%), noninfectious disease (190/845, 22.5%), and infectious disease (188/845, 22.2%). In comparison, the most common causes of mortality for giraffe from 2016 to 2020, were noninfectious disease (78/179, 43.6%), trauma (39/179, 21.8%), neonatal issues (39/179, 21.8%), and infectious disease (17/179, 9.5%). The most common cause of death for okapi from 1991 to 2015 were neonatal issues (29/64, 45.3%), infectious disease (13/64, 20.3%), noninfectious disease (11/64, 17.2%), and trauma (10/64, 15.6%). In comparison, the most common cause of death for okapi from 2016 to 2020 was noninfectious disease (15/31, 48.4%), neonatal issues (8/31, 25.8%), and infectious disease (5/31, 16.1%). The results suggest that zoo giraffids have had a relative decrease in mortality from infectious diseases in recent years, whereas death from noninfectious causes has increased significantly. Trauma-related giraffe mortalities and neonatal mortality in both giraffe and okapi, although decreasing in prevalence between time periods, continue to be important causes of death in zoos. This is the first descriptive mortality review for the Giraffidae family and provides data on potential giraffe and okapi health issues that zoos could proactively address.

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长颈鹿（giraffa spp.

确定动物园长颈鹿（Giraffa spp.）和霍加狓（Okapia johnstoni）的常见死亡原因为改善这些濒危物种的福利和种群管理提供了机会。利用 "发病率与死亡率分析 "工具，从物种 360 动物信息管理软件 (ZIMS) 中汇编了动物园中 1,024 只长颈鹿和 95 只霍加狓的死亡率报告。对 30 年（1991-2020 年）的死亡率报告进行了评估，以帮助确定趋势并评估饲养和管理方法随时间推移而发生的变化（如果有的话）所产生的影响。从 1991 年到 2015 年，长颈鹿最常见的死因是新生儿问题（234/845，27.7%）、外伤（213/845，25.2%）、非传染性疾病（190/845，22.5%）和传染性疾病（188/845，22.2%）。相比之下，从2016年到2020年，长颈鹿最常见的死因是非传染性疾病（78/179，43.6%）、外伤（39/179，21.8%）、新生儿问题（39/179，21.8%）和传染性疾病（17/179，9.5%）。1991年至2015年期间，霍加狓最常见的死因是新生儿问题（29/64，45.3%）、传染病（13/64，20.3%）、非传染病（11/64，17.2%）和外伤（10/64，15.6%）。相比之下，从2016年到2020年，霍加狓最常见的死因是非传染性疾病（15/31，48.4%）、新生儿问题（8/31，25.8%）和传染性疾病（5/31，16.1%）。结果表明，近年来动物园长颈鹿因传染病死亡的数量相对减少，而因非传染病死亡的数量则显著增加。与外伤有关的长颈鹿死亡以及长颈鹿和霍加狓的新生儿死亡虽然在不同时期的发病率有所下降，但仍然是动物园中长颈鹿死亡的重要原因。这是首次对长颈鹿科动物的死亡率进行描述性回顾，为动物园可以积极应对的潜在长颈鹿和霍加狓健康问题提供了数据。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 农林科学-兽医学

CiteScore

1.70

自引率

14.30%

发文量

审稿时长

9-24 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine (JZWM) is considered one of the major sources of information on the biology and veterinary aspects in the field. It stems from the founding premise of AAZV to share zoo animal medicine experiences. The Journal evolved from the long history of members producing case reports and the increased publication of free-ranging wildlife papers. The Journal accepts manuscripts of original research findings, case reports in the field of veterinary medicine dealing with captive and free-ranging wild animals, brief communications regarding clinical or research observations that may warrant publication. It also publishes and encourages submission of relevant editorials, reviews, special reports, clinical challenges, abstracts of selected articles and book reviews. The Journal is published quarterly, is peer reviewed, is indexed by the major abstracting services, and is international in scope and distribution. Areas of interest include clinical medicine, surgery, anatomy, radiology, physiology, reproduction, nutrition, parasitology, microbiology, immunology, pathology (including infectious diseases and clinical pathology), toxicology, pharmacology, and epidemiology.