Upregulated Genes in Atrial Fibrillation Blood and the Left Atrium.

IF 1.9 4区医学 Q3 CARDIAC & CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

Cardiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-08 DOI:10.1159/000537923

Takahiro Kamihara, Tomoyasu Kinoshita, Reo Kawano, Seiya Tanaka, Ayano Toda, Fumiya Ohara, Akihiro Hirashiki, Manabu Kokubo, Atsuya Shimizu

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia associated with aging. Many known risk factors are associated with AF, but many senior individuals do not develop AF despite having multiple risk factors. This finding suggests that other factors may be involved in AF onset. This study aimed to identify upregulated genes in the peripheral blood and left atrium of patients with AF. These genes may serve as potential biomarkers to predict AF onset risk and its complications.

Methods: Gene expression data were analyzed from blood (n = 3) and left atrial samples (n = 15) of patients with AF and sinus rhythm. We evaluated the significant genes identified using p value analysis of weighted average difference to confirm their rankings. We created figures for the genes using GeneMANIA and performed a functional analysis using Cytoscape3.10.1. Hub and bottleneck genes were identified based on degree and betweenness centrality. We used reference expression (RefEx) to confirm the organs in which the extracted genes were expressed. Heatmaps and Gene ontology term evaluation were performed to further elucidate the biological functions of the genes.

Results: We identified 12 upregulated genes (CAST, ASAH1, MAFB, VCAN, DDIT4, FTL, HEXB, PROS1, BNIP3L, PABPC1, YBX3, and S100A6) in both the blood and left atrium of patients with AF. We analyzed the gene functions using GeneMANIA and Cytoscape. The identified genes were involved in a variety of pathways, including lysosomal function and lipid and sphingolipid catabolism. Next, we investigated whether the 12 identified genes identified were systemically expressed or had high organ specificity. Finally, RefEx was used to analyze the gene expression levels in various tissues. Four genes, FTL, ASAH1, S100A6, and PABPC1, were highly expressed in the normal heart tissue. Finally, we evaluated the expression levels of the 12 genes in the blood of patients with AF using a heatmap. Our findings suggest that the 12 genes identified in this study, especially the lysosome-related genes (FTL and ASAH1), may be involved in AF pathogenesis.

Conclusion: Lysosome-related genes may be important to understand the AF pathophysiology and to develop AF-related future studies.

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心房颤动血液和左心房中的上调基因

导言心房颤动（房颤）是一种与衰老相关的常见心律失常。许多已知的风险因素与心房颤动有关，但许多老年人尽管有多种风险因素，却不会发生心房颤动。这一发现表明，房颤的发病可能与其他因素有关。本研究旨在确定房颤患者外周血和左心房中的上调基因。这些基因可作为预测房颤发病风险及其并发症的潜在生物标志物：分析了房颤和窦性心律患者的血液（n = 3）和左心房样本（n = 15）中的基因表达数据。我们使用加权平均差的 p 值分析评估了已确定的重要基因，以确认其排名。我们使用 GeneMANIA 创建了基因图谱，并使用 Cytoscape3.10.1 进行了功能分析。枢纽基因和瓶颈基因是根据度和间度中心性确定的。我们使用 RefEx 确认了提取基因表达的器官。为了进一步阐明基因的生物学功能，我们还进行了热图和基因本体术语评估：我们在房颤患者的血液和左心房中发现了 12 个上调基因（CAST、ASAH1、MAFB、VCAN、DDIT4、FTL、HEXB、PROS1、BNIP3L、PABPC1、YBX3 和 S100A6）。我们使用 GeneMANIA 和 Cytoscape 分析了这些基因的功能。发现的基因参与了多种途径，包括溶酶体功能、脂质和鞘脂分解代谢。接下来，我们研究了已鉴定的 12 个基因是系统表达还是具有高度器官特异性。最后，我们利用参考表达（RefEx）分析了不同组织中的基因表达水平。四个基因：FTL、ASAH1、S100A6 和 PABPC1 在正常心脏组织中高表达。最后，我们利用热图评估了 12 个基因在房颤患者血液中的表达水平。我们的研究结果表明，本研究中发现的 12 个基因，尤其是溶酶体相关基因（FTL 和 ASAH1），可能与房颤的发病机制有关：溶酶体相关基因可能对了解房颤的病理生理学和今后开展房颤相关研究具有重要意义。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Cardiology 医学-心血管系统

CiteScore

3.40

自引率

5.30%

发文量

审稿时长

1.5 months

期刊介绍： ''Cardiology'' features first reports on original clinical, preclinical and fundamental research as well as ''Novel Insights from Clinical Experience'' and topical comprehensive reviews in selected areas of cardiovascular disease. ''Editorial Comments'' provide a critical but positive evaluation of a recent article. Papers not only describe but offer critical appraisals of new developments in non-invasive and invasive diagnostic methods and in pharmacologic, nutritional and mechanical/surgical therapies. Readers are thus kept informed of current strategies in the prevention, recognition and treatment of heart disease. Special sections in a variety of subspecialty areas reinforce the journal''s value as a complete record of recent progress for all cardiologists, internists, cardiac surgeons, clinical physiologists, pharmacologists and professionals in other areas of medicine interested in current activity in cardiovascular diseases.