pH-responsive i-motif-conjugated nanoparticles for MRI analysis†

Abstract

Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (CAs) are widely used to enhance anatomical details in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Significant research has expanded the field of CAs into bioresponsive CAs by modulating the signal to image and monitor biochemical processes, such as pH. In this work, we introduce the modular, dynamic actuation mechanism of DNA-based nanostructures as a new way to modulate the MRI signal based on the rotational correlation time, τ_R. We combined a pH-responsive oligonucleotide (i-motif) and a clinical standard CA (Gd-DOTA) to develop a pH-responsive MRI CA. The i-motif folds into a quadruplex under acidic conditions and was incorporated onto gold nanoparticles (iM-GNP) to achieve increased relaxivity, r₁, compared to the unbound i-motif. In vitro, iM-GNP resulted in a significant increase in r₁ over a decreasing pH range (7.5–4.5) with a calculated pK_a = 5.88 ± 0.01 and a 16.7% change per 0.1 pH unit. In comparison, a control CA with a non-responsive DNA strand (T₃₃-GNP) did not show a significant change in r₁ over the same pH range. The iM-GNP was further evaluated in 20% human serum and demonstrated a 28.14 ± 11.2% increase in signal from neutral pH to acidic pH. This approach paves a path for novel programmable, dynamic DNA-based complexes for τ_R-modulated bioresponsive MRI CAs.