Body Positions Alter Hemodynamics and Respiration in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Objective

Different body positions can exert both positive and negative physiological effects on hemodynamics and respiration. This study aims to conduct a literature review and examine hemodynamic and respiratory alterations to different body positions.

Methods

The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews (register no. CRD42021291464). Two independent reviewers evaluated the methodological quality of all included studies using the Down and Black checklist, while the quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations approach. The overall effects of different body positions were reported from random effects meta-analysis.

Results

Three studies with low risk of bias and ten with high risk of bias met the eligibility criteria. The supine resulted in the highest cardiac output compared to the 70 deg head-up tilt, sitting, and standing positions (very low- to moderate-quality evidences) and the lowest systemic vascular resistance compared to the 70 deg head-up tilt and standing positions (moderate-quality evidence). Additionally, the supine was associated with the highest total respiratory resistance compared to the 70 deg head-up tilt, left lateral, and standing positions (very low-to moderate-quality evidence) and higher alveolar ventilation than the prone (low-quality evidence).

Conclusions

The supine position has the most positive association with hemodynamic variables, resulting in the highest cardiac output and the lowest systemic vascular resistance. The upright positions (70 deg head-up tilt and standing positions) has the most positive association with the respiratory variables, resulting in the lowest total respiratory resistance.