The etiology, diagnostics, and treatment of the spasm of the near reflex - a narrative review.

Abstract

Physiological adaptation of the eye to the visual perception of near objects consists of the "near triad": convergence, accommodation, and pupil miosis. Normally, these tend to revert when one stops fixating on a near object. Spasm of the near reflex (SNR) is a pathological phenomenon, which manifests itself by the persistence of the above-mentioned adjustments, which prevents the eye from returning to its relaxed state. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the etiology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of SNR. The literature review was performed by searching online databases. The clinical presentation of SNR is diverse; it presents as isolated accommodative spasm more frequently than impairment of all three components of the near triad. Patients usually present with fluctuations in visual acuity, blurred vision, diplopia, and asthenopia. The etiology is not fully understood. Potential causes include neuroanatomic, organic, and psychogenic disorders. The diagnosis is clinical, based on the constellation of symptoms and assessment of the near triad. The diagnostic golden standard is a cycloplegic examination of refraction, preferably using cyclopentolate hydrochloride (1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% solution). The first-line treatment requires the administration of a cycloplegic drug in combination with plus lenses, flipper lenses, optical fogging, or miotics. For secondary cases, causal treatment should be implemented. Prevention of SNR should be based on eliminating modifiable risk factors. We propose including screening for SNR symptoms in every ophthalmic examination, especially among patients with psychogenic or neural disorders, after brain trauma, or young adults spending much time in front of computer screens.