Reduced plant species diversity and soil carbon and nitrogen contents driven by vegetation patchiness in alpine meadows

Abstract

Question

Patchiness of herbaceous species is a common feature of degraded alpine grasslands on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau; however, the impact of this phenomenon on vegetation, soil seed bank (SSB), and soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) is largely unknown. We asked how different herbaceous patches affect above-ground vegetation, the SSB and soil organic C (SOC) and total N (TN) contents in alpine meadows.

Location

An alpine meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China.

Methods

We used field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate above-ground vegetation parameters, the SSB composition, and SOC and TN contents of four commonly distributed herbaceous patches (Leymus secalinus, Kobresia humilis, Leontopodium nanum and Pedicularis kansuensis) and non-patch vegetation (control).

Results

There were significant differences in the species composition of above-ground vegetation, with the plant species richness, Shannon–Wiener index, Simpson index, and Pielou evenness index reduced in the four patches compared to the control. In addition, patches had increased above-ground biomass (AGB) and a lower below-ground biomass to above-ground biomass ratio (BGB:AGB); while the species diversity indices did not change considerably among the patches. The species composition of the SSB in the four patches differed from that in the control and the seed density increased markedly, but the species richness and diversity of the SSB remained unaltered. Moreover, the contents of SOC, total C, TN, microbial biomass C, and microbial biomass N in the four patches were markedly lower than in the control.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that patchiness of herbaceous species can alter the flora composition of alpine meadows and reduce plant species diversity, as well as the SOC and TN contents, which will adversely impact grassland biodiversity conservation and soil C sequestration, and then may intensify the degradation of alpine meadows on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.