Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) As a Possible Alternative Energy Source: A Case Study for INSEE Cement Manufacturing Plant in Puttalam, Sri Lanka

Chandrathilake G.G.T., Rathnayake O.M.S.C., Silva A.P.
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Abstract

Cement manufacturing is typically energy-intensive process and currently using alternative fuels partially or totally to replace fossil fuels to reduce the energy and environmental costs. Biomass is one of the main alternative fuel utilized by the cement industry with the potential to replace up to 20% of total energy demand. Water hyacinth (WH) is a problematic invasive alien species in aquatic ecosystems of all climatic zones in Sri Lanka. Because of it is non-edible, rapid growth, and freely available in larger quantities, WH has the potential to be used as biomass energy. Several countries have been studied for WH as feedstock for bioenergy production while physical and chemical composition of WH biomass has been tested by many researchers. However, biomass physiochemical properties may be varied by different place and conditions and there is no significant study for industrial application of WH biomass to burn in cement plant kiln as alternative energy source. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the potential of WH biomass as an alternative energy source for the INSEE cement plant in Puttalam. The study was conducted in three selected reservoirs namely, Tabbowa reservoir (TR), Murukkuwatawana reservoir (MR), and Nawadankulama reservoir (NR) located in Puttalam district Northwestern province of Sri Lanka. The quantity of fresh and dry WH biomass was estimated with the WH covered area and fresh and dry weights of WH in unit area.WH covered area of in each reservoir during 2020 and 2021 was digitized directly in Google earth satellite images using Google Earth Pro software with help of visual interpretation techniques. WH biomass per unit area were measured by the subjective sampling method. WH samples from each reservoir were collected for analyzing biomass, and to determine the fuel characteristics such as net calorific value (NCV), Chlorine and Sulfur content, moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content. According to the results, the fresh WH biomass was recorded as 692.62, 389.85, 23.58 tons in 2020 and 3570.82, 584.53, 33.31 tons in 2021 in the TR, MR, and NR respectively, while the dry WH biomass was recorded as 41.65, 24.65, 1.31 tons in 2020 and 214.74, 36.96, 1.85 tons in 2021 in the TR, MR, and NR respectively. NCV of the WH composite sample was 12.02 MJ/kg. Moisture content, ash content, chlorine and sulfur content were recorded as 13.56%, 10.95%, 1.06%, and 0.14% respectively. Except for chlorine content, other parameters agreed with the acceptable limits for using WH as an alternative energy source for cement industry. To replace 1 ton of coal, 2.2 tons of dry WH were required from 35 tons of fresh WH biomass while to produce 1 ton of clinker, 0.32 tons of dry WH were required from 5.2 tons of fresh WH biomass. Since relatively large quantities are freely available and with high volatile content and calorific value, WH is suitable as an alternative energy source for cement industry. However, economic feasibility should be studied prior to the commercial application. Keywords: Alternative fuel, Biomass, Water hyacinth, Calorific value
水葫芦(Eichhornia crassipes)作为一种可能的替代能源:斯里兰卡普特拉姆 INSEE 水泥制造厂案例研究
水泥生产是典型的能源密集型过程,目前部分或全部使用替代燃料来替代化石燃料,以降低能源和环境成本。生物质是水泥行业使用的主要替代燃料之一,有可能替代高达 20% 的总能源需求。布袋莲(WH)是斯里兰卡所有气候带水生生态系统中的外来入侵物种。由于布袋莲不可食用、生长迅速且可大量自由获取,布袋莲有可能被用作生物质能源。有几个国家已经研究过将 WH 用作生物能源生产的原料,许多研究人员也对 WH 生物质的物理和化学成分进行了测试。然而,生物质的理化性质可能会因地点和条件的不同而有所差异,目前还没有关于在水泥厂窑炉中燃烧 WH 生物质作为替代能源的工业应用的重要研究。因此,本研究旨在阐明 WH 生物质作为普塔兰 INSEE 水泥厂替代能源的潜力。研究在三个选定的水库中进行,即位于斯里兰卡西北省普塔拉姆地区的塔博瓦水库(TR)、穆鲁库瓦塔瓦纳水库(MR)和纳瓦丹库拉玛水库(NR)。2020 年和 2021 年期间,各水库的水库覆盖面积通过谷歌地球专业版软件直接在谷歌地球卫星图像中数字化,并借助直观判读技术进行估算。采用主观取样法测定单位面积的WH生物量。从每个水库中采集生物量样本进行分析,并确定燃料特性,如净热值(NCV)、氯和硫含量、水分、挥发物、固定碳和灰分含量。结果显示,2020 年,TR、MR 和 NR 的新鲜 WH 生物质分别为 692.62、389.85 和 23.58 吨;2021 年,TR、MR 和 NR 的新鲜 WH 生物质分别为 3570.82、584.53 和 33.31 吨;2020 年,TR、MR 和 NR 的干燥 WH 生物质分别为 41.65、24.65 和 1.31 吨;2021 年,TR、MR 和 NR 的干燥 WH 生物质分别为 214.74、36.96 和 1.85 吨。WH 复合样本的 NCV 为 12.02 兆焦/千克。水分含量、灰分含量、氯和硫含量分别为 13.56%、10.95%、1.06% 和 0.14%。除氯含量外,其他参数均符合使用 WH 作为水泥工业替代能源的可接受限值。要替代 1 吨煤,需要从 35 吨新鲜 WH 生物质中提取 2.2 吨干 WH;要生产 1 吨熟料,需要从 5.2 吨新鲜 WH 生物质中提取 0.32 吨干 WH。由于可以免费获得大量高挥发性和高热值的 WH,因此 WH 适合作为水泥工业的替代能源。然而,在商业应用之前,应研究其经济可行性。关键词替代燃料 生物质 水葫芦 热值
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