Elemental carbon - An efficient method to measure occupational exposure from materials in the graphene family

IF 4.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Tobias Storsjö , Håkan Tinnerberg , Jinhua Sun , Chen Ruiqi , Anne Farbrot
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Abstract

Graphene is a 2D-material with many useful properties such as flexibility, elasticity, and conductivity among others. Graphene could therefore become a material used in many occupational fields in the future, which can give rise to occupational exposure. Today, exposure is unknown, due to the lack of efficient measuring techniques for occupational exposure to graphene. Readily available screening techniques for air sampling and -analysis are either nonspecific or nonquantitative. Quantifying materials from the broad graphene family by an easy-to-use method is important for the large-scale industrial application of graphene, especially when for the safety of working environment. Graphene consists primarily of elemental carbon, and the present study evaluates the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC)-technique for exposure assessment. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the OC/EC analysis technique as an efficient and easy-to-use method for quantification of occupational exposure to graphene. Methods that can identify graphene would be preferable for screening, but they are time consuming and semi-quantitative and therefore not suited for quantitative work environment assessments. The OC/EC-technique is a thermal optical analysis (TOA), that quantitively determines the amount of and distinguishes between two different types of carbon, organic and elemental. The technique is standardised, well-established and among other things used for diesel exposure measurements (ref standard). OC/EC could therefore be a feasible measuring technique to quantitively determine occupational exposure to graphene. The present evaluation of the technique provides an analytical method that works quantitatively for graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Interestingly, the TOA technique makes it possible to distinguish between the three graphene forms used in this study. The technique was tested in an industrial setting and the outcome suggests that the technique is an efficient monitoring technique to be used in combination with characterisation techniques like for example Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy.

Abstract Image

碳元素 - 测量石墨烯家族材料职业接触的有效方法。
石墨烯是一种二维材料,具有许多有用的特性,如柔韧性、弹性和导电性等。因此,石墨烯未来可能会成为许多职业领域使用的材料,从而导致职业暴露。目前,由于缺乏有效的石墨烯职业接触测量技术,因此接触情况尚不清楚。现成的空气采样和分析筛选技术要么是非特异性的,要么是非定量的。采用简单易用的方法对石墨烯家族中的各种材料进行定量,对于石墨烯的大规模工业应用,尤其是工作环境的安全非常重要。石墨烯主要由元素碳组成,本研究评估了有机碳/元素碳 (OC/EC) 技术的暴露评估。这项工作的目的是评估有机碳/元素碳分析技术是否是一种高效、易用的量化石墨烯职业暴露的方法。能够识别石墨烯的方法更适合用于筛选,但这些方法耗时且半定量,因此不适合用于工作环境的定量评估。OC/EC 技术是一种热光学分析 (TOA),可定量确定并区分两种不同类型的碳(有机碳和元素碳)。该技术是标准化的、成熟的,主要用于柴油暴露测量(参考标准)。因此,OC/EC 可以作为一种可行的测量技术,用于定量确定石墨烯的职业暴露。目前对该技术的评估提供了一种可定量检测石墨烯、氧化石墨烯和还原氧化石墨烯的分析方法。有趣的是,TOA 技术可以区分本研究中使用的三种石墨烯形式。该技术在工业环境中进行了测试,结果表明,该技术是一种有效的监测技术,可与拉曼光谱、扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜等表征技术结合使用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
NanoImpact
NanoImpact Social Sciences-Safety Research
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
6.10%
发文量
69
审稿时长
23 days
期刊介绍: NanoImpact is a multidisciplinary journal that focuses on nanosafety research and areas related to the impacts of manufactured nanomaterials on human and environmental systems and the behavior of nanomaterials in these systems.
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