Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Bridging Gaps in Understanding, Diagnosis, and Management

Abstract

People of reproductive age are frequently affected with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), a common endocrine disorder with a range of clinical, hormonal, and metabolic features. The goal of this review paper is to give a thorough summary of the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, aetiology, epidemiology, and treatment options for PCOS. Between 5% and 20% of women in reproductive age worldwide are estimated to have PCOS. This syndrome is widely known for being complicated, involving both environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Common clinical symptoms include irregular menstruation, hyperandrogenism, and an ultrasound that reveals polycystic ovarian morphology. Although there are other sets of diagnostic criteria, including the National Institutes of Health standards and the Rotterdam criteria, a precise diagnosis is still necessary. Those with PCOS are more likely to develop metabolic problems such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. An elevated risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and infertility are among the long-term health consequences. The primary objectives of therapeutic interventions, which are tailored to the patient's presentation and goals and involve both lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies, are improvements in hormonal imbalances, metabolic abnormalities, and reproductive outcomes. This study compiles the most recent findings and clinical observations to improve healthcare professionals' comprehension of PCOS.