Microplastic pollution and e-waste: Unraveling sources, mechanisms, and impacts across environments

Abstract

Since the 1950s, usage of plastic's ubiquity and durability have fostered significant microplastic pollution, set to double in oceans by 2030. Originating from diverse sources including product wear, waste, and now identified e-waste recycling, these particles traverse to marine ecosystems, accumulating and causing ecological harm. Measuring less than 20 μm, microplastics can penetrate cell membranes, posing risks to animal and human health. Confronting this challenge demands improved detection, comprehensive understanding of behaviors, enhanced hazard assessment, and recognizing e-waste's contribution. Mitigation hinges on global pollution management, innovative sustainable materials, and reducing plastic and electronic waste dependency.