Transesophageal echocardiography using a microprobe for determination of transcatheter procedural candidacy, device selection, and procedural monitoring in small dogs with patent ductus arteriosus

Abstract

Introduction

Small dogs with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may be unable to undergo transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with traditional probes.

Objectives

To report the utility of TEE using a microprobe in dogs weighing less than 4 kg diagnosed with PDA for determination of transcatheter procedural candidacy, device selection, and intraoperative procedural guidance.

Animals

Eight dogs weighing less than 4 kg diagnosed with PDA.

Materials and methods

All dogs had standard transthoracic echocardiography and microprobe TEE imaging. The quality of TEE images was graded as optimal, adequate, or poor. The ability of TEE to assess PDA anatomy, determine procedural candidacy, provide procedural guidance, detect deployed devices, and assess residual flow was recorded.

Results

The median age of included dogs was 6.4 months (range: 3.2–15.7 months) and the median body weight was 2.2 kg (range: 1.4–3.8 kg). Microprobe TEE images were adequate or optimal in all dogs and were integral for guiding procedural candidacy decisions. Transcatheter procedures were not pursued in two dogs based on TEE images. In the other six dogs, TEE procedural guidance was useful during transvenous (n = 5) and transarterial (n = 1) PDA occlusion attempts. Each deployed device (n = 4) was easily detected with the TEE microprobe. Real-time confirmation of adequate device sizing and placement was possible prior to release and residual flow could be monitored after release.

Conclusions

Transesophageal echocardiography using a microprobe in dogs weighing less than 4 kg diagnosed with PDA allowed for characterization of PDA anatomy and determination of transcatheter procedural candidacy. Microprobe TEE images were integral for PDA device selection and offered valuable intraoperative procedural guidance.