Study of several probability distribution functions for the Klein–Kramers equation

Abstract

In this paper, we take variable separation method to study Klein–Kramers (KK) equation. By choosing different eigenvalues and noise functions, we can get different probability density functions (PDFs) of KK equation. These PDFs contain not only normal distributions but also other distributions that correspond to anomalous diffusion phenomena. For example, power-law distribution, truncated Cauchy–Lorentz distribution, Weibull distribution, log-logistic distribution, Gamma distribution. We also show the 3D and 2D profiles of these PDFs to analyze the corresponding dynamic properties and illustrate the possible practical applications of these results. In addition, we also find some exact solutions that are not PDFs. They are also listed to ensure the completeness of the results and to illustrate the potential applications of these exact solutions.