The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-Atlantic World by Katherine Johnston (review)

IF 0.3 3区 文学 0 LITERATURE, AMERICAN
Michael Boyden
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As Johnston convincingly documents, the persistent idea that Africans were more tolerant of the heat and therefore more suited to labor in tropical conditions did not emerge out of the lived reality on the plantations. Rather, it was a deliberate and strategic fabrication on the part of the planter class to convince legislators, investors, and colonial officials that African slavery was indispensable—indeed, natural—to the plantation economy. Since ancient assumptions about the deleterious effects of hot climates disposed the European public sphere to consider the tropics as a dangerous and unhealthy place for whites, this \"climate rhetoric\"—as Johnston calls it—was highly effective in swaying public opinion in favor of racialized slave labor. What was initially a strategic move on the part of the slaveholders eventually hardened into an unshakable belief in the impossibility of white labor in the tropics, the legacy of which continues to be felt to the present day.</p> <p>Johnston tells the history of this transformation over six tightly organized chapters. The first sketches out the conditions that gave rise to plantation slavery in the Greater Caribbean during the seventeenth century. Contrary to what historians have long assumed, the colonists' actual experiences with the tropical climate were not a decisive factor in the shift toward African slave labor. Indeed, early explorers, settlers, and physicians did not observe marked differences in the way whites and Blacks responded <strong>[End Page 149]</strong> to the new environment. The shift to Black slave labor was due to a shortage of white indentured servants after the English Civil War, in combination with the consolidation of plantations into larger estates, which limited postindenture prospects for white laborers. The idea that Black peoples were better suited to work in the Caribbean climate was invented to naturalize a system that emerged out of economic pressures given the lack of white laborers. As Johnston indicates, the climatic rhetoric was reinforced by two mediatized events during the latter half of the century that further damaged the reputation of the Caribbean colonies in Britain, namely the Western Design of 1655, a failed attempt to wrest Hispaniola from Spanish control, and the Port Royal Earthquake of 1692, which reinforced received ideas regarding the dangerous climate of the tropics. Combined, these events solidified a narrative of the tropics as the white man's grave.</p> <p>The second chapter focuses on the early history of Georgia, which originally did not allow enslaved workers on the assumption that this would jeopardize the stability of the colony. The experiment was short-lived, however, as a group of dissatisfied settlers referred to as the \"Malcontents\" successfully lobbied with the Georgia Trustees to lift the ban on slave labor. In their appeals to the Trustees, the Malcontents resorted to climatic rhetoric, arguing that the whole plantation system would crumble without enslaved Africans, whose bodily constitutions were deemed to be perfectly attuned to the hot and humid climate. However, as the Malcontents were fully aware, the real reasons for transitioning to African slave labor were very different: apart from the already mentioned difficulty of recruiting white workers, many colonists in Georgia had investments in the slave trade and were unable to compete with the large rice plantations in neighboring South Carolina. The climatic argument stuck with the Trustees, who had no firsthand knowledge of the actual conditions in the colony. The Georgia experiment thus proved short-lived, although its influence would linger in later debates on the differential influence of tropical climates.</p> <p>While the influence of the climate did not play a role in the shift to African slavery in the Americas, it did have a major impact on the shape of the British Empire. 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Abstract

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:

Reviewed by:

  • The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-Atlantic World by Katherine Johnston
  • Michael Boyden (bio)
The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-Atlantic World
katherine johnston
Oxford University Press, 2022
264 pp.

This meticulously researched book draws on a wealth of archival materials spanning three centuries to cast a fresh eye on the history of African slavery in the English Caribbean and the American South. As Johnston convincingly documents, the persistent idea that Africans were more tolerant of the heat and therefore more suited to labor in tropical conditions did not emerge out of the lived reality on the plantations. Rather, it was a deliberate and strategic fabrication on the part of the planter class to convince legislators, investors, and colonial officials that African slavery was indispensable—indeed, natural—to the plantation economy. Since ancient assumptions about the deleterious effects of hot climates disposed the European public sphere to consider the tropics as a dangerous and unhealthy place for whites, this "climate rhetoric"—as Johnston calls it—was highly effective in swaying public opinion in favor of racialized slave labor. What was initially a strategic move on the part of the slaveholders eventually hardened into an unshakable belief in the impossibility of white labor in the tropics, the legacy of which continues to be felt to the present day.

Johnston tells the history of this transformation over six tightly organized chapters. The first sketches out the conditions that gave rise to plantation slavery in the Greater Caribbean during the seventeenth century. Contrary to what historians have long assumed, the colonists' actual experiences with the tropical climate were not a decisive factor in the shift toward African slave labor. Indeed, early explorers, settlers, and physicians did not observe marked differences in the way whites and Blacks responded [End Page 149] to the new environment. The shift to Black slave labor was due to a shortage of white indentured servants after the English Civil War, in combination with the consolidation of plantations into larger estates, which limited postindenture prospects for white laborers. The idea that Black peoples were better suited to work in the Caribbean climate was invented to naturalize a system that emerged out of economic pressures given the lack of white laborers. As Johnston indicates, the climatic rhetoric was reinforced by two mediatized events during the latter half of the century that further damaged the reputation of the Caribbean colonies in Britain, namely the Western Design of 1655, a failed attempt to wrest Hispaniola from Spanish control, and the Port Royal Earthquake of 1692, which reinforced received ideas regarding the dangerous climate of the tropics. Combined, these events solidified a narrative of the tropics as the white man's grave.

The second chapter focuses on the early history of Georgia, which originally did not allow enslaved workers on the assumption that this would jeopardize the stability of the colony. The experiment was short-lived, however, as a group of dissatisfied settlers referred to as the "Malcontents" successfully lobbied with the Georgia Trustees to lift the ban on slave labor. In their appeals to the Trustees, the Malcontents resorted to climatic rhetoric, arguing that the whole plantation system would crumble without enslaved Africans, whose bodily constitutions were deemed to be perfectly attuned to the hot and humid climate. However, as the Malcontents were fully aware, the real reasons for transitioning to African slave labor were very different: apart from the already mentioned difficulty of recruiting white workers, many colonists in Georgia had investments in the slave trade and were unable to compete with the large rice plantations in neighboring South Carolina. The climatic argument stuck with the Trustees, who had no firsthand knowledge of the actual conditions in the colony. The Georgia experiment thus proved short-lived, although its influence would linger in later debates on the differential influence of tropical climates.

While the influence of the climate did not play a role in the shift to African slavery in the Americas, it did have a major impact on the shape of the British Empire. As chapter 3 documents, colonists approached climates as highly localized determinants of the health of individuals...

奴隶制的本质:凯瑟琳-约翰斯顿(Katherine Johnston)所著的《盎格鲁-大西洋世界的环境与种植园劳动》(评论
以下是内容的简要摘录,以代替摘要:评论者 奴隶制的本质:凯瑟琳-约翰斯顿(Katherine Johnston)著《奴隶制的本质:盎格鲁-大西洋世界的环境与种植园劳动》(The Nature of Slavery: Environment and Plantation Labor in the Anglo-Atlantic World by Katherine Johnston Michael Boyden (bio)牛津大学出版社,2022 年,264 页。这本经过精心研究的著作利用了跨越三个世纪的大量档案资料,以全新的视角审视了英国加勒比海地区和美国南部的非洲奴隶制历史。正如约翰斯顿令人信服地记录的那样,非洲人更耐热,因此更适合在热带条件下劳动这一顽固观念并不是从种植园的生活现实中产生的。相反,这是种植园主阶级为了让立法者、投资者和殖民地官员相信非洲奴隶制对于种植园经济是不可或缺的--事实上,是自然而然的--而故意进行的战略性编造。由于自古以来关于炎热气候有害影响的假设,欧洲公共领域认为热带地区对白人来说是一个危险和不健康的地方,这种 "气候修辞"--约翰斯顿称之为--在左右公众舆论支持种族化奴隶劳动方面非常有效。奴隶主最初的战略举措最终变成了白人不可能在热带地区劳动的不可动摇的信念,这种信念的影响一直持续到今天。约翰斯顿用六个紧凑的章节讲述了这一转变的历史。第一章概述了十七世纪大加勒比地区种植园奴隶制产生的条件。与历史学家长期以来的假设相反,殖民者对热带气候的实际体验并不是向非洲奴隶劳动转变的决定性因素。事实上,早期的探险家、定居者和医生并没有观察到白人和黑人对新环境的反应 [第 149 页完] 有明显差异。转向黑人奴工的原因是英国内战后白人契约仆人短缺,再加上种植园合并成更大的庄园,限制了白人劳工契约后的发展前景。黑人更适合在加勒比海的气候条件下工作这一观点的提出,是为了使这一制度自然化,而这一制度的出现则是迫于缺乏白人劳动力的经济压力。正如约翰斯顿所言,本世纪下半叶发生的两起媒介化事件进一步损害了加勒比殖民地在英国的声誉,即 1655 年的 "西部设计"(Western Design)和 1692 年的皇家港地震(Port Royal Earthquake),前者是试图将伊斯帕尼奥拉岛从西班牙的控制下夺回的失败尝试,后者则强化了人们对热带危险气候的固有观念。这些事件加在一起,巩固了热带地区是白人坟墓的说法。第二章重点介绍佐治亚州的早期历史,该州最初不允许奴役工人,认为这会危及殖民地的稳定。然而,这一试验是短暂的,因为一群不满的定居者(被称为 "不满者")成功地游说佐治亚州托管人解除奴隶劳动禁令。在向托管人发出的呼吁中,"不满者 "使用了气候学的修辞手法,认为如果没有被奴役的非洲人,整个种植园系统就会崩溃,而非洲人的身体机能被认为完全适应炎热潮湿的气候。然而,正如 "不满者 "所充分认识到的那样,过渡到非洲奴隶劳动的真正原因是截然不同的:除了前面提到的招募白人工人的困难之外,佐治亚州的许多殖民者都在奴隶贸易中进行了投资,无法与邻近的南卡罗来纳州的大型水稻种植园竞争。受托人对殖民地的实际情况没有第一手的了解,因此他们坚持以气候为论据。佐治亚州的实验因此昙花一现,尽管它的影响在后来关于热带气候的不同影响的辩论中挥之不去。虽然气候的影响并没有在美洲转向非洲奴隶制的过程中发挥作用,但它确实对大英帝国的形态产生了重大影响。正如第 3 章所述,殖民者将气候视为个人健康的高度本地化决定因素...
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来源期刊
EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE
EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE LITERATURE, AMERICAN-
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
33.30%
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62
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