A new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent composed of menthol and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate for solvent bar microextraction of parabens from biological fluids

IF 5.3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Emerging Contaminants Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI:10.1016/j.emcon.2024.100304

Nabil N. AL-Hashimi , Husam Abed Alfattah , Khaleel I. Assaf , Asma A. Fakhoury , Saja H. Hamed , Amjad H. El-Sheikh , Khairi M. Fahelelbom

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Parabens are antimicrobial preservatives with extensive applications in cosmetics, toiletries, pharmaceuticals, and food. Considering the legitimate concerns relating to their potential to disrupt multiple endocrine functions, it becomes imperative to prioritize the development of innovative bioanalytical techniques for effectively monitoring their presence in biological samples. In this study, an efficient solvent bar microextraction (SBME) was established, utilizing new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (DEs) to determine methylparaben and propylparaben in urine and plasma samples. The DEs comprising menthol and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (M-TEHP) at various molar ratios were synthesized for the first time to enhance the extraction capacity and promote the eco-friendliness of the DE used as an extraction solvent. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopies were employed to confirm and investigate the properties of the successful synthesis (M-TEHP) DE at a molar ratio of 1:1. The synthesized DE exhibits low microbial toxicity and can be considered an eco-friendly solvent for extraction. Furthermore, quantum-chemical calculations were utilized to predict synthesized DE's structure and interaction energy with selected parabens. The influential operational factors of DE-SBME on the extraction efficiency (EE%) of both parabens were evaluated using response surface methodology based on central composite design, and a total of 30 extraction tests were conducted to determine the optimal conditions. The optimized DE-SBME, in combination with HPLC-DAD, exhibited low detection limits (0.54–0.91 μg L⁻¹), excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9993), precise results (RSDs ≤7.6 %), satisfactory recoveries (92–97 %) and negligible matrix effects. Hence, it had remarkable effectiveness and applicability in determining selected parabens in real urine and plasma samples.

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一种由薄荷醇和磷酸三（2-乙基己酯）组成的新型疏水性深共晶溶剂，可用于生物液体中对羟基苯甲酸酯的溶剂吧微萃取

对羟基苯甲酸酯是一种抗菌防腐剂，广泛应用于化妆品、洗浴用品、药品和食品中。考虑到人们对其可能扰乱多种内分泌功能的合理担忧，当务之急是优先发展创新的生物分析技术，以有效监测生物样本中是否含有对羟基苯甲酸酯。本研究利用新型疏水性深共晶溶剂（DE）建立了一种高效的溶剂棒微萃取（SBME）方法，用于测定尿液和血浆样品中的对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯。该方法首次合成了不同摩尔比的薄荷醇和磷酸三（2-乙基己基）酯（M-TEHP）深共晶溶剂，从而提高了萃取能力，并促进了作为萃取溶剂的深共晶溶剂的生态友好性。傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和质子核磁共振光谱（1H NMR）被用来确认和研究摩尔比为 1:1 的成功合成（M-TEHP）DE 的特性。合成的 DE 具有较低的微生物毒性，可被视为一种环保的萃取溶剂。此外，还利用量子化学计算预测了合成 DE 的结构以及与所选对羟基苯甲酸酯的相互作用能。采用基于中心复合设计的响应面方法评估了 DE-SBME 对两种对羟基苯甲酸酯萃取效率（EE%）的影响因素，共进行了 30 次萃取试验，以确定最佳萃取条件。优化后的 DE-SBME 与 HPLC-DAD 结合使用，检出限低（0.54-0.91 μg L-1），线性关系良好（R2 ≥ 0.9993），结果精确（RSD ≤ 7.6 %），回收率令人满意（92-97 %），基质效应可忽略不计。因此，该方法在测定真实尿液和血浆样品中的某些对羟基苯甲酸酯类物质方面具有显著的有效性和适用性。

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来源期刊

Emerging Contaminants Medicine-Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health

CiteScore

10.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

审稿时长

44 days

期刊介绍： Emerging Contaminants is an outlet for world-leading research addressing problems associated with environmental contamination caused by emerging contaminants and their solutions. Emerging contaminants are defined as chemicals that are not currently (or have been only recently) regulated and about which there exist concerns regarding their impact on human or ecological health. Examples of emerging contaminants include disinfection by-products, pharmaceutical and personal care products, persistent organic chemicals, and mercury etc. as well as their degradation products. We encourage papers addressing science that facilitates greater understanding of the nature, extent, and impacts of the presence of emerging contaminants in the environment; technology that exploits original principles to reduce and control their environmental presence; as well as the development, implementation and efficacy of national and international policies to protect human health and the environment from emerging contaminants.