Surface-active antibiotic production as a multifunctional adaptation for postfire microorganisms

Mira D Liu, Yongle Du, Sara K Koupaei, Nicole R Kim, Monika S Fischer, Wenjun Zhang, Matthew F Traxler
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Abstract

Wildfires affect soils in multiple ways, leading to numerous challenges for colonizing microorganisms. While it is thought that fire-adapted microorganisms lie at the forefront of postfire ecosystem recovery, the specific strategies that these organisms use to thrive in burned soils remain largely unknown. Through bioactivity screening of bacterial isolates from burned soils, we discovered that several Paraburkholderia spp. isolates produced a set of unusual rhamnolipid surfactants with a natural methyl ester modification. These rhamnolipid methyl esters (RLMEs) exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity against other postfire microbial isolates, including pyrophilous Pyronema fungi and Amycolatopsis bacteria, compared to the typical rhamnolipids made by organisms such as Pseudomonas spp. RLMEs also showed enhanced surfactant properties and facilitated bacterial motility on agar surfaces. In vitro assays further demonstrated that RLMEs improved aqueous solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are potential carbon sources found in char. Identification of the rhamnolipid biosynthesis genes in the postfire isolate, Paraburkholderia kirstenboschensis str. F3, led to the discovery of rhlM, whose gene product is responsible for the unique methylation of rhamnolipid substrates. RhlM is the first characterized bacterial representative of a large class of integral membrane methyltransferases that are widespread in bacteria. These results indicate multiple roles for RLMEs in the postfire lifestyle of Paraburkholderia isolates, including enhanced dispersal, solubilization of potential nutrients, and inhibition of competitors. Our findings shed new light on the chemical adaptations that bacteria employ to navigate, grow, and outcompete other soil community members in postfire environments.
表面活性抗生素的生产是火灾后微生物的多功能适应性
野火以多种方式影响土壤,给定殖微生物带来诸多挑战。虽然人们认为适应火灾的微生物处于火灾后生态系统恢复的最前沿,但这些微生物在烧毁土壤中茁壮成长的具体策略在很大程度上仍不为人所知。通过对烧毁土壤中的细菌分离物进行生物活性筛选,我们发现几种帕拉伯克霍尔德氏菌属分离物产生了一系列不同寻常的鼠李糖脂表面活性剂,这些表面活性剂具有天然的甲酯修饰。与假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp)等生物产生的典型鼠李糖脂相比,这些鼠李糖脂甲酯(RLMEs)对其他焚烧后微生物分离物的抗菌活性更强,这些微生物分离物包括亲火的 Pyronema 真菌和 Amycolatopsis 细菌。体外试验进一步证明,RLMEs 提高了多环芳烃的水溶性,而多环芳烃是炭中的潜在碳源。对火灾后分离菌 Paraburkholderia kirstenboschensis str.其基因产物负责鼠李糖脂底物的独特甲基化。RhlM 是细菌中广泛存在的一大类整体膜甲基转移酶的第一个细菌代表。这些结果表明,RLMEs 在副伞芥孢属分离菌火灾后的生活方式中发挥着多种作用,包括增强扩散、溶解潜在的营养物质和抑制竞争者。我们的发现揭示了细菌在火灾后环境中为导航、生长和超越其他土壤群落成员而采取的化学适应措施。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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