Rare earth elements: Sector allocations and supply chain considerations

IF 7.2 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Journal of Rare Earths Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI:10.1016/j.jre.2024.01.020

Mpila Makiesse Nkiawete, Randy Lee Vander Wal

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Abstract

This article addresses the question of how the global and U.S. market sector allocations for rare earth elements compare. Accordingly, this article reports rare earth oxide (REO) market sector allocations, resolved by elemental profile for 2020 and reciprocally REO consumption resolved by end market use. Differences are calculated relative to 2008 and presented as percentages and as absolute tonnage. These differences encompass both changes in relative sector demand and growth rate. Historical trends, global and U.S. for REO usage by sector are calculated for the period of 2018–2022. End market sector demands, as percentages are presented, referenced to United States Geological Survey (USGS) values from 2008. Attention is given to permanent magnets and associated elements given the growing renewable generation and vehicle electrification. The criticality of Nd and Dy are considered given that they are the foundation of NdFeB permanent magnets, prominent in electric vehicle traction motors and direct drive wind turbine generators. Economic activity associated with REE market sectors is presented. Notably usage does not reflect economic value. A prime example are catalysts versus magnets. Last, vast reserves of light and heavy REEs exist in coal and coal-byproducts with potential high impact upon critical REEs and associated economics.

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稀土元素：部门分配和供应链考虑因素

本文探讨了全球和美国稀土元素市场部门分配的比较问题。因此，本文报告了 2020 年稀土氧化物 (REO) 市场部门的分配情况，并按元素概况进行了解析，同时按终端市场用途对稀土氧化物的消费量进行了解析。与 2008 年相比，差异以百分比和绝对吨数的形式计算。这些差异包括相对行业需求和增长率的变化。计算了 2018-2022 年期间全球和美国各行业 REO 使用量的历史趋势。最终市场行业需求量的百分比参考了（美国地质调查局）2008 年的数值。鉴于可再生能源发电和汽车电气化的不断发展，对永磁体和相关元素给予了关注。钕和镝是钕铁硼永磁体的基础，在电动汽车牵引电机和直接驱动风力涡轮发电机中占有重要地位，因此钕和镝的关键性得到了考虑。介绍了与稀土市场部门相关的经济活动。值得注意的是，使用量并不反映经济价值。催化剂与磁铁就是最好的例子。最后，煤炭和煤炭副产品中蕴藏着大量轻重稀土元素，可能会对关键稀土元素和相关经济产生重大影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Rare Earths 化学-应用化学

CiteScore

8.70

自引率

14.30%

发文量

374

审稿时长

1.7 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Rare Earths reports studies on the 17 rare earth elements. It is a unique English-language learned journal that publishes works on various aspects of basic theory and applied science in the field of rare earths (RE). The journal accepts original high-quality original research papers and review articles with inventive content, and complete experimental data. It represents high academic standards and new progress in the RE field. Due to the advantage of abundant RE resources of China, the research on RE develops very actively, and papers on the latest progress in this field emerge every year. It is not only an important resource in which technicians publish and obtain their latest research results on RE, but also an important way of reflecting the updated progress in RE research field. The Journal of Rare Earths covers all research and application of RE rare earths including spectroscopy, luminescence and phosphors, rare earth catalysis, magnetism and magnetic materials, advanced rare earth materials, RE chemistry & hydrometallurgy, RE metallography & pyrometallurgy, RE new materials, RE solid state physics & solid state chemistry, rare earth applications, RE analysis & test, RE geology & ore dressing, etc.