Colorectal anticancer activity of a novel class of triazolic triarylmethane derivatives†

Abstract

Triarylmethanes and triazoles constitute privileged structures extensively used in drug discovery programs. In this work, 12 novel triarylmethanes linked to a triazole ring were designed, synthesized, and chemically characterized aiming to target colorectal cancer. The synthetic strategy for triarylmethanes mono- and bi-substituted by a functionalized triazole ring involved a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. A preliminary screening in human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29 and HCT116) and murine primary fibroblasts (L929) allowed the selection of the best candidate 9b based on its high inhibition of cancer cell proliferation with an IC₅₀ of 11 μM on HT-29 and 14 μM on HCT116 and its non-cytotoxic effects on murine fibroblasts (<100 μM). A deep mechanistic study on various pathways showed that compound 9b induces caspase-3 cleavage, and its inhibitory effect on PARP activity is correlated with the increase of DNA fragmentation in cancer cells. Moreover, 9b induced apoptosis promoted by the inhibition of anti-apoptotic cell survival signaling pathways demonstrated via the downregulation of phosphorylated Akt and ERK proteins. Finally, the predicted binding modes of compounds 8c and 9b to five potential biological targets (i.e., AKT, ERK-1 and ERK-2, PARP and caspase-3) was evaluated using molecular modeling, and the predictions of the SuperPred webserver identified ERK2 as the most remarkable target. Also predicted in silico, 9b displayed appropriate drug-likeness and good absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) profiles.