{"title":"Alpha and beta-voltaic silicon devices operated at cryogenic temperatures: An energy source for deep space exploration","authors":"Vittorio Giulio Palmieri , Maurizio Casalino , Emiliano Di Gennaro , Emanuele Romeo , Roberto Russo","doi":"10.1016/j.nxener.2024.100101","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays the interest in deep space exploration is very strong; however, powering devices where sunlight is unavailable is a challenging task. Conventional radioisotope thermoelectric generators are difficult to miniaturize, while low-energy particle voltaic devices lack sufficient power density. In this study, we experimentally investigated the use of state-of-the-art 5 × 5 mm<sup>2</sup> silicon pad radiation detectors operated at cryogenic temperatures as high-energy particle voltaic devices. Our results show that operating the detectors at 80 K with <sup>241</sup>Am (0.1 mCi) and <sup>90</sup>Sr- <sup>90</sup>Y (0.8 mCi) radioactive sources results in a maximum electrical power of 100 nW/cm<sup>2</sup> and 165 nW/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. These values correspond to 11% and 12% efficiency, which is unprecedented for silicon voltaic devices. Additionally, we found that the device’s radiation hardness significantly increases at cryogenic temperatures, consistent with the Lazarus effect. After more than 270 h of continuous irradiation with the <sup>90</sup>Sr- <sup>90</sup>Y source at 80 K, the device’s residual efficiency is as high as 1.8% and remains stable. This efficiency value could be increased by stacking multiple devices together, while passive radiative cooling in space allows reaching cryogenic temperatures without extra power.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100957,"journal":{"name":"Next Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949821X24000061/pdfft?md5=0567eb6ca9032a6d8eb6b7f685c10954&pid=1-s2.0-S2949821X24000061-main.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Next Energy","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949821X24000061","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Nowadays the interest in deep space exploration is very strong; however, powering devices where sunlight is unavailable is a challenging task. Conventional radioisotope thermoelectric generators are difficult to miniaturize, while low-energy particle voltaic devices lack sufficient power density. In this study, we experimentally investigated the use of state-of-the-art 5 × 5 mm2 silicon pad radiation detectors operated at cryogenic temperatures as high-energy particle voltaic devices. Our results show that operating the detectors at 80 K with 241Am (0.1 mCi) and 90Sr- 90Y (0.8 mCi) radioactive sources results in a maximum electrical power of 100 nW/cm2 and 165 nW/cm2, respectively. These values correspond to 11% and 12% efficiency, which is unprecedented for silicon voltaic devices. Additionally, we found that the device’s radiation hardness significantly increases at cryogenic temperatures, consistent with the Lazarus effect. After more than 270 h of continuous irradiation with the 90Sr- 90Y source at 80 K, the device’s residual efficiency is as high as 1.8% and remains stable. This efficiency value could be increased by stacking multiple devices together, while passive radiative cooling in space allows reaching cryogenic temperatures without extra power.